USDA-ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Commodity Protection and Quality Unit, Parlier, CA 93648, USA.
J Econ Entomol. 2011 Apr;104(2):532-9. doi: 10.1603/ec10177.
A series of laboratory and field studies were conducted using two lines of navel orangeworm, reared on different stages of new crop and mummy pistachios, Pistacia vera L. This study demonstrated the potential importance of malformed pistachios (pea splits) to the population dynamics of navel orangeworm, because these nuts, which are available as early as two months before mature nuts, supported navel orangeworm development and survival. Overall, the developmental rate on new crop pistachios is fastest on mature nuts, 422.3 +/- 123 degree-days (DD, degrees C), but other factors such as exposure to insecticide residue also sped development, although survival decreased. Development took the longest on unharvested nuts (mummies) dried at 90 degrees C for 24 h, 2664.7 +/- 131.4 DD. In most trials development was variable and two generations could develop at the fastest rate before the slowest individual completed development, which in turn calls into question the concept of discrete generations. Generally, survival was highest on mature pistachios and other stages of new crop nut and lowest on mummies collected in May. Survival was also higher on the new varieties 'Lost Hills' and 'Golden Hills' (24.7 and 32.0%, respectively) than on the most extensively planted variety 'Kerman' (13.3%). In our trials, both the rate of development and survival were dependent on nut stage, age, variety, and quality, indicating that pistachios, like almonds, Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb, are a dynamic rather than a static nutrient source for navel orangeworm.
进行了一系列的实验室和田间研究，使用两种品系的桔小实蝇，在不同阶段的新作物和木乃伊开心果（Pistacia vera L.）上进行饲养。本研究表明畸形开心果（豌豆分裂）对桔小实蝇种群动态的重要性，因为这些坚果早在成熟坚果前两个月就可用，支持桔小实蝇的发育和生存。总的来说，新作物开心果上的发育速度最快是在成熟坚果上，422.3 +/- 123 度日（DD，摄氏度），但其他因素如接触杀虫剂残留也会加速发育，尽管存活率下降。在 90°C 下干燥 24 小时的未收获坚果（木乃伊）上发育时间最长，2664.7 +/- 131.4 DD。在大多数试验中，发育是可变的，最快的个体可以在最慢的个体完成发育之前完成两代发育，这反过来又对离散世代的概念提出了质疑。一般来说，成熟开心果和新作物坚果的其他阶段的存活率最高，而在 5 月收集的木乃伊中最低。在新的品种 'Lost Hills' 和 'Golden Hills'（分别为 24.7%和 32.0%）上的存活率也高于最广泛种植的品种 'Kerman'（13.3%）。在我们的试验中，发育率和存活率都取决于坚果阶段、年龄、品种和质量，这表明开心果，像杏仁（Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb）一样，是桔小实蝇的动态而不是静态营养源。
