International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
Mucosal Immunol. 2010 Nov;3(6):545-55. doi: 10.1038/mi.2010.55. Epub 2010 Sep 22.
Research has yielded an abundance of vaccine candidates against mucosal infections, but only few mucosal vaccines have been registered for human use. Extensive research is being carried out to identify new and safe adjuvants for mucosal immunization, novel delivery systems, including live vectors and reporter molecules for tissue- and cell-specific targeting of vaccine antigens. If these candidates are to reach those in need, several lessons from clinical and field research carried out under resource-poor settings must be considered. These lessons include the need to develop new vaccines that can be administered topically onto the skin or to the mucosa, without needles or expensive delivery devices. Such topical vaccines must be able to protect all age groups at risk, be safe and effective in immunocompromised people, and be able to contain epidemics following complex emergencies. The anatomical compartmentalization of immune responses imposes constraints on the selection of topical route(s) of vaccine administration and on strategies for measuring these responses, especially in young infants. Thus, the selection of any particular route of immunization is critical when designing and formulating vaccines against organ-specific infections.
研究已经产生了大量针对粘膜感染的疫苗候选物，但只有少数粘膜疫苗已被注册用于人类使用。目前正在进行广泛的研究，以确定新的和安全的粘膜免疫佐剂、新型的递送系统，包括用于疫苗抗原组织和细胞特异性靶向的活载体和报告分子。如果这些候选物能够惠及有需要的人，那么必须考虑在资源匮乏的环境中进行的临床和现场研究得出的一些经验教训。这些经验教训包括需要开发新的疫苗，可以通过非注射或非昂贵的递送装置将其施用于皮肤或粘膜。这种局部疫苗必须能够保护所有处于危险中的年龄组，在免疫功能低下的人群中安全有效，并且能够在复杂紧急情况后控制疫情。免疫反应的解剖分区对局部疫苗接种途径的选择和测量这些反应的策略施加了限制，特别是在年幼婴儿中。因此，在设计和配制针对特定器官感染的疫苗时，选择任何特定的免疫途径都是至关重要的。
