The role of the vagus nerve in stroke.

The initiation and progression of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke are the result of a complex cascade of processes that determine both the extent of the lesion and long-term outcome. Several of these processes, including peripheral inflammation, neuroinflammation, and neuroplasticity are influenced by the activity of the afferent as well as efferent pathways of the vagus nerve. It was shown that vagus nerve stimulation significantly reduces the extent of stroke-induced lesion of brain parenchyma. However, the mechanisms of beneficial effect of increased vagal activity on pathological processes related to stroke remains largely unclear. The aim of this article is to describe the role of afferent and efferent vagal pathways in the mechanisms that influence the initiation of stroke as well as its detrimental effects.