School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR47TJ, UK.
Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2010 Dec;103(2-3):208-16. doi: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2010.09.013. Epub 2010 Sep 30.
In this paper, we provide a summary of a number of experiments we conducted to arrive at a prototype real-time simulator for plastic surgical interventions such as skin flap repair and inguinal herniotomy. We started our research with a series of in-vitro tensile stress tests on human skin, harvested from female patients undergoing plastic reconstructive surgery. We then used the acquired stress-strain data to fit hyperelastic models. Three models were considered: General Polynomial, Reduced Polynomial and Ogden. Only Reduced Polynomial models were found to be stable, hence they progressed to the next stage to be used in an explicit finite element model aimed at real-time performance in conjunction with a haptic feedback device. A total Lagrangian formulation with the half-step central difference method was employed to integrate the dynamic equation of motion of the mesh. The mesh was integrated into two versions of a real-time skin simulator: a single-threaded version running on a computer's main central processing unit and a multi-threaded version running on the computer's graphics card. The latter was achieved by exploiting recent advances in programmable graphics technology.
在本文中，我们提供了我们进行的多项实验的总结，这些实验旨在为整形外科手术干预（如皮瓣修复和腹股沟疝修补术）开发实时模拟器原型。我们的研究始于对从接受整形重建手术的女性患者身上采集的人体皮肤进行一系列体外拉伸应力测试。然后，我们使用获得的应力-应变数据来拟合超弹性模型。考虑了三种模型：广义多项式、简化多项式和 Ogden。仅简化多项式模型被发现是稳定的，因此它们进入了下一阶段，用于与触觉反馈设备结合的显式有限元模型，以实现实时性能。采用全拉格朗日公式和半步中心差分法来整合网格的运动动力方程。将网格集成到两个实时皮肤模拟器版本中：在计算机的主中央处理单元上运行的单线程版本和在计算机的图形卡上运行的多线程版本。后者是通过利用可编程图形技术的最新进展实现的。
