School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2011 Apr;58(4):1013-22. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2009.2038364. Epub 2010 Feb 17.
A finite-element (FE) model of human skin is proposed for future use in an interactive real-time surgical simulation to teach surgeons procedures, such as facial reconstruction using skin-flap repair. For this procedure, skin is cut into flaps that are stretched to cover openings in the face. Thus, the model must recreate the visual, haptic, and force feedback expected by the surgeon. To develop the FE model, a series of in vitro experiments were conducted on samples of human skin, subjected to uniaxial and planar tensile straining. Reduced polynomial hyperelastic (HE) materials were found to fit many of the samples' stress-strain data well. Finally, an explicit dynamic FE mesh was developed based on the fitted HE material models. A total Lagrangian formulation with the half-step central difference method was employed to integrate the dynamic equation of motion of the mesh. The mesh was integrated into two versions of a real-time skin simulator: a single-threaded version running on a computer's main central processing unit and a multithreaded version running on the computer's graphics card. The latter was achieved by exploiting recent advances in programmable graphics technology.
提出了一种用于未来交互式实时手术模拟的人体皮肤有限元（FE）模型，以教授外科医生进行手术，例如使用皮瓣修复进行面部重建。对于此过程，皮肤被切割成皮瓣，然后将其拉伸以覆盖脸部的开口。因此，该模型必须再现外科医生所期望的视觉、触觉和力反馈。为了开发 FE 模型，对人体皮肤样本进行了一系列的单向和平面拉伸应变的体外实验。发现简化的多项式超弹性（HE）材料非常适合许多样本的应力-应变数据。最后，基于拟合的 HE 材料模型，开发了显式动态 FE 网格。采用全拉格朗日公式和半步中心差分法来整合网格的动力运动方程。将网格集成到两个实时皮肤模拟器版本中：一个在计算机的主中央处理单元上运行的单线程版本，以及一个在计算机的图形卡上运行的多线程版本。后者是通过利用可编程图形技术的最新进展实现的。
