Emerging complexity of microRNA generation cascades.

MicroRNA (miRNA) modules are built in genetic networks as a complex regulatory layer directing post-transcriptional gene regulation. miRNAs coordinate a broad spectra of gene expression programs mainly through modulation of mRNA metabolism. Perturbations of miRNA networks are linked to a wide variety of pathological processes, including cardiovascular diseases and cancer. While the mechanisms regulating miRNA biogenesis were previously poorly understood, recent findings have shed light on the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs themselves, especially their biogenesis. Multiple steps of miRNA maturation could potentially provide a variety of regulatory options to generate mature miRNAs differentially and produce gradation in miRNA processing efficiency. Several studies have demonstrated that miRNA maturation pathways crosstalk with intracellular signalling molecules, including p53, Smad proteins and estrogen receptor. Other lines of evidence have demonstrated the involvement of multiple RNA binding proteins in biased processing of different miRNA species. This review summarizes accumulating evidence for the emerging complexity and dynamics of regulated miRNA processing. These findings will lead to better understanding of miRNA dynamics in various pathogenetic pathways and provide the molecular basis for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies based on small RNA biology.