Costs associated with attempted suicide among individuals with bipolar disorder.

BACKGROUND

Bipolar disorder is a chronic mood disorder associated with a high risk for suicide attempts, which carry personal, societal, and economical consequences. No information is available on the economic costs associated with suicide attempts among patients with bipolar disorder or the change in economic costs from before to following the suicide attempt.

AIMS OF THE STUDY

The primary objective of this study was to estimate the total health care costs and cost components (inpatient, outpatient, emergency services, and medication) incurred by patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder who attempt suicide. Cost data included psychiatric and non-psychiatric costs. A secondary objective was to compare patients with and without attempted suicide on demographic and clinical characteristics.

METHODS

Data for this retrospective study were obtained from the PharMetrics Integrated Outcomes Database (1995-2005). Patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder with (N = 352) and without (N = 15,102) a suicide attempt were identified and compared on demographics and psychiatric and medical comorbidities. T-tests and chi-square tests were used for group comparisons of patient characteristics. Among patients who attempted suicide and were continuously enrolled in the year before and following the suicide attempt (N = 352), Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to compare health care costs between the year prior and the year following the first suicide attempt.

RESULTS

The average total health care cost for the year following the suicide attempt (N = 352) was $25,012, which was more than 2 times higher than the $11,476 incurred in the prior 1-year period (p. < 001). The total health care cost in the first month following the suicide attempt accounted for 28.9% of the total annual cost. The cost distribution over time showed a large spike for inpatient and emergency services costs in the month following the attempt with sustained increases in medication and outpatient costs. Patients with suicide attempt (N = 1,147) were significantly more likely than patients without (N = 15,102) to be younger, female, and to have comorbid psychiatric and medical diagnoses, especially depressive and substance use disorders.

DISCUSSION

The substantial economic costs incurred by patients with bipolar disorder who attempt suicide are marked by an increase in costs of crisis services during the first month following the suicide attempt, along with sustained increases in medication and outpatient costs during the year following the suicide attempt. Limitations of the study include reliance on claims data and potential lack of generalizability beyond private payer data.

IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE

Interventions designed to reduce the risk of suicide attempts among patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder may help decrease the related high economic costs, in addition to helping decrease adverse personal and societal consequences.

IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICIES

Cost-benefit analyses of treatment methods for bipolar disorder need to include the considerable expenses associated with suicide attempts. Current findings may also be of value for modeling the cost-effectiveness of treatment for bipolar disorder and of interest to payers and other health care decision makers, especially those involved in developing Medicare capitation models for patients with chronic conditions such as bipolar disorder.

IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

Additional research is needed on the cost of attempted suicide in the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder, especially studies that capture societal costs.