基于人群的无机汞生物监测以及在纽约市确定护肤品为接触源。
Population-based inorganic mercury biomonitoring and the identification of skin care products as a source of exposure in New York City.
机构信息
Division of Environmental Health, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York 10007, USA.
出版信息
Environ Health Perspect. 2011 Feb;119(2):203-9. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1002396. Epub 2010 Oct 5.
BACKGROUND
Mercury is a toxic metal that has been used for centuries as a constituent of medicines and other items.
OBJECTIVE
We assessed exposure to inorganic mercury in the adult population of New York City (NYC).
METHODS
We measured mercury concentrations in spot urine specimens from a representative sample of 1,840 adult New Yorkers in the 2004 NYC Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Cases with urine concentrations ≥ 20 µg/L were followed up with a telephone or in-person interview that asked about potential sources of exposure, including ritualistic/cultural practices, skin care products, mercury spills, herbal medicine products, and fish.
RESULTS
Geometric mean urine mercury concentration in NYC was higher for Caribbean-born blacks [1.39 µg/L; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.14-1.70] and Dominicans (1.04 µg/L; 95% CI, 0.82-1.33) than for non-Hispanic whites (0.67 µg/L; 95% CI, 0.60-0.75) or other racial/ethnic groups. It was also higher among those who reported at least 20 fish meals in the past 30 days (1.02 µg/L; 95% CI, 0.83-1.25) than among those who reported no fish meals (0.50 µg/L; 95% CI, 0.41-0.61). We observed the highest 95th percentile of exposure (21.18 µg/L; 95% CI, 7.25-51.29) among Dominican women. Mercury-containing skin-lightening creams were a source of exposure among those most highly exposed, and we subsequently identified 12 imported products containing illegal levels of mercury in NYC stores.
CONCLUSION
Population-based biomonitoring identified a previously unrecognized source of exposure to inorganic mercury among NYC residents. In response, the NYC Health Department embargoed products and notified store owners and the public that skin-lightening creams and other skin care products that contain mercury are dangerous and illegal. Although exposure to inorganic mercury is not a widespread problem in NYC, users of these products may be at risk of health effects from exposure.
背景
汞是一种有毒金属，几个世纪以来一直被用作药品和其他物品的成分。
目的
我们评估了纽约市（NYC）成年人群体中无机汞的暴露情况。
方法
我们测量了 2004 年 NYC 健康与营养调查中代表性的 1840 名成年纽约人尿液样本中的汞浓度。尿液浓度≥20μg/L 的病例通过电话或面对面访谈进行随访，询问潜在的暴露源，包括仪式/文化习俗、护肤品、汞溅出、草药产品和鱼类。
结果
NYC 出生于加勒比地区的黑人和多米尼加人的尿汞几何均数浓度[1.39μg/L；95%置信区间（CI），1.14-1.70]和[1.04μg/L；95%CI，0.82-1.33]高于非西班牙裔白人（0.67μg/L；95%CI，0.60-0.75）或其他种族/族裔群体。在过去 30 天内报告至少 20 餐鱼类的人群中，其浓度也更高（1.02μg/L；95%CI，0.83-1.25），而在报告无鱼类餐的人群中，其浓度更低（0.50μg/L；95%CI，0.41-0.61）。我们观察到最高的 95 百分位数暴露值（21.18μg/L；95%CI，7.25-51.29）出现在多米尼加妇女中。含汞的皮肤美白霜是暴露的来源之一，尤其是在那些暴露程度最高的人群中，我们随后在纽约市的商店中发现了 12 种含有非法汞含量的进口产品。
结论
基于人群的生物监测在纽约市居民中发现了一个以前未被认识到的无机汞暴露源。作为回应，纽约市卫生部对这些产品进行了禁运，并通知了店主和公众，含有汞的皮肤美白霜和其他护肤品是危险和非法的。尽管无机汞暴露在纽约市并不是一个普遍的问题，但这些产品的使用者可能面临暴露的健康影响风险。
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