Chithrani Devika B
Department of Physics, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, and STTARR Innovation Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada.
Mol Membr Biol. 2010 Oct;27(7):299-311. doi: 10.3109/09687688.2010.507787. Epub 2010 Oct 7.
The emerging field of nanomedicine requires better understanding of the interface between nanotechnology and medicine. Better knowledge of the nano-bio interface will lead to better tools for diagnostic imaging and therapy. In this review, recent progress in understanding of how size, shape, and surface properties of nanoparticles (NPs) affect intracellular fate of NPs is discussed. Gold nanostructures are used as a model system in this regard since their physical and chemical properties can be easily manipulated. The NP-uptake is dependent on the physiochemical properties, and once in the cell, most of the NPs are trafficked via an endo-lysosomal path followed by a receptor-mediated endocytosis process at the cell membrane. Within the size range of 2-100 nm, Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) of diameter 50 nm demonstrate the highest uptake. Cellular uptake studies of gold nanorods (GNRs) show that there is a decrease in uptake as the aspect ratio of GNRs increases. Theoretical models support the size- and shape-dependent NP-uptake. The intracellular transport of targeted NPs is faster than untargeted NPs. The surface ligand and charge of NPs play a bigger role in their uptake, transport, and organelle distribution. Exocytosis of NPs is dependent on size and shape as well; however, the trend is different compared to endocytosis. GNPs are now being incorporated into polymer and lipid based NPs to build multifunctional devices. A multifunctional platform based on gold nanostructures, with multimodal imaging, targeting, and therapeutics; hold the possibility of promising directions in medical research.
新兴的纳米医学领域需要更好地理解纳米技术与医学之间的界面。对纳米-生物界面有更深入的了解将带来更好的诊断成像和治疗工具。在这篇综述中，讨论了在理解纳米颗粒（NPs）的尺寸、形状和表面性质如何影响其细胞内命运方面的最新进展。在这方面，金纳米结构被用作模型系统，因为它们的物理和化学性质可以很容易地被操控。纳米颗粒的摄取取决于其物理化学性质，一旦进入细胞，大多数纳米颗粒会通过内吞-溶酶体途径运输，随后在细胞膜上经历受体介导的内吞过程。在2-100纳米的尺寸范围内，直径为50纳米的金纳米颗粒（GNPs）摄取量最高。金纳米棒（GNRs）的细胞摄取研究表明，随着GNRs长径比的增加，摄取量会减少。理论模型支持纳米颗粒摄取的尺寸和形状依赖性。靶向纳米颗粒的细胞内运输比非靶向纳米颗粒更快。纳米颗粒的表面配体和电荷在其摄取、运输和细胞器分布中起更大作用。纳米颗粒的胞吐作用也取决于尺寸和形状；然而，与内吞作用相比趋势不同。现在，金纳米颗粒正被纳入基于聚合物和脂质的纳米颗粒中以构建多功能器件。基于金纳米结构的多功能平台，具有多模态成像、靶向和治疗功能；在医学研究中有着充满希望的发展方向。
