Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
J Epidemiol Community Health. 2011 Oct;65(10):841-6. doi: 10.1136/jech.2009.104935. Epub 2010 Oct 14.
Previous research shows associations of geographical density of alcohol outlets with a range of alcohol-related harms. Socioeconomic conditions that are associated with both outlet density and alcohol-related outcomes may confound many studies. We examined the association of outlet density with both consumption and harm throughout New Zealand while controlling for indicators of area deprivation and individual socioeconomic status (SES).
Individual alcohol consumption and drinking consequences were measured in a 2007 national survey of 18-70 year olds (n=1925). All alcohol outlets in New Zealand were geocoded. Outlet density was the number of outlets of each type (off-licences (stores that sell alcoholic beverages for consumption elsewhere), bars, clubs, restaurants) within 1 km of a person's home. We modelled the association of outlet density with total consumption, binge drinking, risky drinking (above New Zealand guidelines) and two measures of effects ('harms' and 'troubles' due to drinking) in the previous year. Logistic regression and zero-inflated Poisson models were used, adjusting for sex, educational level, a deprivation index (NZDep06) and a rurality index.
No statistically significant association was seen between outlet density and either average alcohol consumption or risky drinking. Density of off-licences was positively associated with binge drinking, and density of all types of outlet was associated with alcohol-related harm scores, before and after adjustment for SES. Associations of off-licences and clubs with trouble scores were no longer statistically significant in the adjusted analysis.
The positive associations seen between alcohol outlet density and both individual level binge drinking and alcohol-related problems appear to be independent of individual and neighbourhood SES. Reducing density of alcohol outlets may reduce alcohol-related harm among those who live nearby.
先前的研究表明，酒类销售场所的地理密度与一系列与酒精相关的危害之间存在关联。与酒类销售场所密度和与酒精相关的结果都相关的社会经济条件可能会使许多研究产生混淆。我们在控制了地区贫困指标和个体社会经济地位（SES）的情况下，研究了酒类销售场所密度与新西兰各地的酒类消费和危害之间的关联。
在对 18-70 岁人群进行的 2007 年全国调查中，我们测量了个体的酒精消费和饮酒后果（n=1925）。新西兰的所有酒类销售场所都进行了地理编码。酒类销售场所密度是指在一个人家庭 1 公里范围内的每种类型（酒类专卖店（出售可在其他地方消费的酒类）、酒吧、俱乐部、餐厅）的销售场所数量。我们使用逻辑回归和零膨胀泊松模型，对酒类销售场所密度与前一年的总消费、狂饮、危险饮酒（高于新西兰指导方针）以及两个饮酒影响指标（因饮酒造成的“危害”和“麻烦”）之间的关联进行建模。调整了性别、教育水平、贫困指数（NZDep06）和农村指数。
酒类销售场所密度与平均酒精消费或危险饮酒之间没有明显的关联。酒类专卖店的密度与狂饮呈正相关，所有类型酒类销售场所的密度与酒精相关危害评分呈正相关，在调整 SES 后也是如此。在调整后的分析中，酒类专卖店和俱乐部与麻烦评分之间的关联不再具有统计学意义。
酒类销售场所密度与个体狂饮和与酒精相关问题之间的正相关关系似乎独立于个体和社区的 SES。降低酒类销售场所的密度可能会减少居住在附近的人因酒精而受到的伤害。
