Alaska Marine Safety Education Association, Sitka, Alaska 99835, USA.
J Agromedicine. 2010 Oct;15(4):351-6. doi: 10.1080/1059924X.2010.509226.
Commercial fishing is still the most dangerous occupation in the United States. Efforts to have more stringent safety regulations in this industry beginning in the 1960s, culminated in the Commercial Fishing Vessel Safety Act of 1988. The purpose of this paper is to provide a short history of the development of safety training in the United States and the current training infrastructure. This paper will also review studies available regarding the effectiveness of safety training in reducing fatalities among fishermen. The lack of familiarity and practice with marine survival equipment such as life rafts, immersion suits, and emergency-locating beacons has been noted in National Transportation Safety Board and US Coast Guard casualty reports as a contributing factor in fatalities. These reports have demonstrated the importance of not just having survival equipment onboard, but training in how to use it effectively in an emergency. There is evidence that safety training has made a measurable impact in surviving an emergency at sea and that recent training (within 5 years) is most effective in saving lives. More recently, studies have been completed to understand how skills may diminish over time since initial training.
商业捕鱼仍然是美国最危险的职业。自 20 世纪 60 年代以来，人们一直努力在该行业实施更严格的安全法规，最终促成了 1988 年的《商业渔船安全法》。本文旨在简要介绍美国安全培训的发展历史和当前的培训基础设施。本文还将回顾有关安全培训在减少渔民死亡人数方面的有效性的现有研究。国家运输安全委员会和美国海岸警卫队的伤亡报告指出，船员对诸如救生筏、浸水服和应急定位信标等海上生存设备缺乏熟悉和操作经验，这是导致死亡的一个因素。这些报告表明，不仅要在船上配备生存设备，而且要培训如何在紧急情况下有效地使用它，这一点非常重要。有证据表明，安全培训在海上紧急情况下的生存方面产生了可衡量的影响，而且最近（5 年内）的培训在拯救生命方面最为有效。最近，已经完成了一些研究，以了解自初始培训以来技能可能随着时间的推移而下降的情况。
