Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Tohoku University, Tsutsumidori Amamiyamachi 1-1, Sendai, 981-8555, Japan.
Amino Acids. 2012 Apr;42(4):1163-70. doi: 10.1007/s00726-010-0772-3. Epub 2010 Oct 19.
Recent instrumental analyses using a hybrid quadrupole/linear ion trap spectrometer in LC-MS/MS have demonstrated that the Maillard reaction progresses not only on proteins but also on amino residues of membrane lipids such as phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), thus forming Amadori-PE (deoxy-D: -fructosyl PE) as the principal products. The plasma Amadori-PE level is 0.08 mol% of the total PE in healthy subjects and 0.15-0.29 mol% in diabetic patients. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and pyridoxal are the most effective lipid glycation inhibitors, and the PE-pyridoxal 5'-phosphate adduct is detectable in human red blood cells. These findings are beneficial for developing a potential clinical marker for glycemic control as well as potential compounds to prevent the pathogenesis of diabetic complications and atherosclerosis. Glucose and other aldehydes, such as glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and glycolaldehyde, react with the amino residues of proteins to form Amadori products and Heynes rearrangement products. Because several advanced glycation end-product (AGE) inhibitors such as pyridoxamine and benfotiamine inhibit the development of retinopathy and neuropathy in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, AGEs may play a role in the development of diabetic complications. In the present review, we describe the recent progress and future applications of the Maillard reaction research regarding lipid and protein modifications in diabetes and atherosclerosis.
最近的仪器分析利用 LC-MS/MS 中的混合四极杆/线性离子阱质谱仪表明，美拉德反应不仅在蛋白质上进行，而且在膜脂质的氨基酸残基上进行，如磷脂酰乙醇胺 (PE)，从而形成主要产物 Amadori-PE（脱氧-D：-果糖基 PE）。健康受试者血浆 Amadori-PE 水平为总 PE 的 0.08mol%，糖尿病患者为 0.15-0.29mol%。吡哆醛 5'-磷酸和吡哆醛是最有效的脂质糖化抑制剂，可在人红细胞中检测到 PE-吡哆醛 5'-磷酸加合物。这些发现有助于开发血糖控制的潜在临床标志物以及预防糖尿病并发症和动脉粥样硬化发病机制的潜在化合物。葡萄糖和其他醛类，如乙二醛、甲基乙二醛和甘油醛，与蛋白质的氨基酸残基反应形成 Amadori 产物和 Heynes 重排产物。由于几种晚期糖基化终产物 (AGE) 抑制剂，如吡哆胺和苯磷汀，可抑制链脲佐菌素 (STZ) 诱导的糖尿病大鼠视网膜病变和神经病变的发展，因此 AGE 可能在糖尿病并发症的发展中起作用。在本综述中，我们描述了关于糖尿病和动脉粥样硬化中脂质和蛋白质修饰的美拉德反应研究的最新进展和未来应用。
