Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Int Rev Neurobiol. 2010;93:91-107. doi: 10.1016/S0074-7742(10)93004-3.
Awakening from sleep is a clear example of an event for which (biological) clocks are of great importance. We will review some major pathways the mammalian biological clock uses to ensure an efficient and coordinated wake-up process. First we show how this clock enforces daily rhythmicity onto the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, via projections to neuroendocrine neurons within the hypothalamus. Next we demonstrate how this brain clock controls plasma glucose concentrations, via projections to sympathetic and parasympathetic pre-autonomic neurons within the hypothalamus. Orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus appear to be an important hub in this awakening control network.
从睡眠中醒来是一个很好的例子，说明生物钟对（生物）非常重要。我们将回顾哺乳动物生物钟用来确保高效协调的唤醒过程的一些主要途径。首先，我们展示了这个时钟如何通过向下丘脑的神经内分泌神经元投射来对下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴施加每日节律。接下来，我们展示了这个大脑时钟如何通过向下丘脑的交感和副交感前自主神经元投射来控制血浆葡萄糖浓度。外侧下丘脑的食欲素神经元似乎是这个唤醒控制网络中的一个重要枢纽。
