School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
PM R. 2010 Oct;2(10):945-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.05.006.
Calcium and vitamin D are recognized as 2 components of nutrition needed to achieve and maintain bone health. Calcium and vitamin D have been clearly shown to improve bone density and prevent fractures at all ages. However, the literature is conflicting as to the role of these nutrients in young athletes ages 18 to 35 years, both for bone development and for the prevention of bone overuse injuries. Differences in findings may relate to study design. Although retrospective and cross-sectional studies have had mixed results, the authors of prospective studies have consistently demonstrated a relationship of increased calcium intake with an improvement in bone density and a decrease in fracture risk. A randomized trial in female military recruits demonstrated that calcium/vitamin D supplementation reduced the incidence of stress fractures. A prospective study in young female runners demonstrated reduced incidence of stress fractures and increased bone mineral density with increased dietary calcium intake. Findings from both studies suggest female athletes and military recruits who consumed greater than 1500 mg of calcium daily exhibited the largest reduction in stress fracture injuries. To date, no prospective studies have been conducted in male athletes or in adolescent athletes. In most studies, males and nonwhite participants were poorly represented. Evidence regarding the relationship of vitamin D intake with the prevention of fractures in athletes is also limited. More prospective studies are needed to evaluate the role of calcium and vitamin D intake in prevention of stress fracture injuries in both male and female adolescent athletes, particularly those participating in sports with greater incidences of stress fracture injury.
钙和维生素 D 被认为是实现和维持骨骼健康所需的营养的两个组成部分。钙和维生素 D 已被明确证明可提高各年龄段的骨密度并预防骨折。然而，关于这些营养素在 18 至 35 岁的年轻运动员中的作用，文献存在冲突，无论是对于骨骼发育还是预防骨骼过度使用损伤。研究结果的差异可能与研究设计有关。尽管回顾性和横断面研究结果不一，但前瞻性研究的作者一致表明，增加钙的摄入量与骨密度的提高和骨折风险的降低有关。一项针对女性军事新兵的随机试验表明，钙/维生素 D 补充剂可降低应力性骨折的发生率。一项针对年轻女性跑步者的前瞻性研究表明，随着膳食钙摄入量的增加，应力性骨折的发生率降低，骨矿物质密度增加。这两项研究的结果表明，每天摄入超过 1500 毫克钙的女性运动员和军事新兵的应力性骨折损伤减少幅度最大。迄今为止，尚未在男性运动员或青少年运动员中进行前瞻性研究。在大多数研究中，男性和非白种人参与者的代表性不足。关于维生素 D 摄入量与运动员骨折预防之间关系的证据也有限。需要更多的前瞻性研究来评估钙和维生素 D 摄入量在预防男性和女性青少年运动员应力性骨折损伤中的作用，特别是在那些具有较高应力性骨折损伤发生率的运动中。
