Department of Adhesive and Temporary Materials, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein.
J Adhes Dent. 2010 Oct;12(5):343-71. doi: 10.3290/j.jad.a19741.
This articles concerns itself with the testing of adhesion between direct restoratives and dental hard tissue, ie, enamel and dentin. The aim is to survey available methods for adhesion testing and influential parameters affecting experimental outcome. The testing of adhesion to indirect restorative materials, eg, ceramics and metals, is beyond the scope of this article and shall be discussed elsewhere. The longevity and success of modern dental restorations very often relies on potent dental adhesives to provide durable bonds between the dental hard substance and the restorative composite. To predict the clinical outcome of such restorative treatment, a large variety of in vitro laboratory tests and clinical in vivo experiments have been devised, analyzed, and published. The purpose of this review is to provide a current overview of bond strength testing methods and their applicability to the characterization of dental adhesives. Regardless of the method employed, subtle variations in sample preparation may already severely impact test results, usually necessitating at least co-testing of a well-known internal reference to allow conclusive interpretation. This article attempts to list and discuss the most influential parameters, such as substrate nature, age, health status, storage, clinically relevant pre-treatment, and sample preparation. Special attention is devoted to the last aspect, as numerous publications have stressed the tremendous influence of preparatory parameters on the validity and scope of obtained data. Added to the large variety of such factors, an equally large diversity of load-applying procedures exists to actually quantify adhesion between composites and dental hard substance. This article summarizes the basics of macro and micro approaches to shear and tensile bond strength testing, as well as push- and pull-out tests. The strengths and weaknesses inherent to each method and influential test parameters are reviewed and methods for accelerated sample aging and simulation of clinical conditions presented. Alternatively to shear or tensile bond strength tests, fracture toughness is introduced together with its application to dental adhesives and an overview of its physical background.
本文关注的是直接修复体与牙体硬组织（即牙釉质和牙本质）之间的黏附力测试。目的是调查黏附力测试的可用方法以及影响实验结果的相关参数。间接修复材料（如陶瓷和金属）的黏附力测试不在本文的讨论范围内，将在其他地方进行讨论。现代牙科修复的长期成功率往往依赖于强力牙科黏合剂，以在牙体硬组织和修复复合材料之间提供持久的黏结。为了预测这种修复治疗的临床效果，已经设计、分析和发表了大量的体外实验室测试和临床体内实验。本综述的目的是提供目前关于黏结强度测试方法及其在牙体黏合剂特性表征中的适用性的概述。无论采用哪种方法，样品制备中的细微差异可能已经严重影响测试结果，通常至少需要同时测试一个已知的内部参考标准，以进行明确的解释。本文试图列出并讨论最有影响的参数，如基底性质、年龄、健康状况、储存、临床相关预处理和样品制备。特别关注最后一个方面，因为许多出版物强调了预备参数对获得数据的有效性和范围的巨大影响。除了这些因素的多样性之外，还有大量的加载程序来实际量化复合材料与牙体硬组织之间的黏附力。本文总结了宏观和微观剪切和拉伸黏结强度测试以及推和拉拔测试的基本原理。回顾了每种方法固有的优缺点以及用于加速样品老化和模拟临床条件的方法。替代剪切或拉伸黏结强度测试，可以引入断裂韧性及其在牙体黏合剂中的应用，并概述其物理背景。
