Verberk M M, Brouwer D H, Brouwer E J, Bruyzeel D P, Emmen H H, Van Hemmen J J, Hooisma J, Jonkman E J, Ruijten M W, Sallé H J
Coronel Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Med Lav. 1990 Nov-Dec;81(6):530-41.
In a comprehensive project the health risk for workers using pesticides in the flower-bulb culture was addressed in several studies regarding biological monitoring, occupational hygiene and health effects. With respect to biological monitoring, methods were developed for the analysis of metabolites in urine of captan, pirimicarb, zineb and maneb and the soil fumigant dichloropropene. For dichloropropene in a field study a clear relationship was found between the external personal exposure and the excretion of two metabolites (mercapturic acids) in urine. The application technique distinctly influenced the extent of exposure. For the other substances preliminary measurements were performed in the urine of exposed workers; for captan and pirimicarb the methods are promising for further studies of the uptake of these substances under working conditions. In an occupational hygiene study, the dermal exposure due to different application techniques used in crop protection and bulb disinfection was investigated. This resulted in method specific exposure values (grams/field area of bulbs) that showed large differences between the techniques. These exposure values in combination with information on the type of techniques used, the treated area and the frequency of application were used to calculate a personal exposure index (grams/working life); this is an estimate of the potential (external) exposure of individual workers. In an effect study 137 workers who applied pesticides for more than 10 years (average 20 years) in at least bulb disinfection and crop protection (the most important area's of exposure for the growers) were compared to 73 controls. Tests for autonomic and peripheral nerve functions including the distribution of conduction velocities and refractory periods, were applied as well as computerized neurobehavioral tests and electro-encephalography. Significant effects were found on peripheral nerve function parameters, on measures of attention and perceptual coding and on the amount of beta-activity in the EEG; the data suggest that for the majority of subjects these effects are small. No effects were found on liver and renal function and no difference in the prevalence of symptoms that might be ascribed to the usage of pesticides. In a number of exposed workers a cutaneous allergy to pesticides was found. Based on this study, measures are recommended to diminish effectively the exposure to pesticides in this culture.
在一个综合项目中，通过多项关于生物监测、职业卫生和健康影响的研究，探讨了花卉球茎种植中使用农药的工人面临的健康风险。关于生物监测，已开发出分析克菌丹、抗蚜威、代森锌和代森锰锌以及土壤熏蒸剂二氯丙烯在尿液中代谢物的方法。在一项田间研究中，发现二氯丙烯的外部个人暴露与尿液中两种代谢物（巯基尿酸）的排泄之间存在明确的关系。施用技术对暴露程度有明显影响。对于其他物质，对接触工人的尿液进行了初步测量；对于克菌丹和抗蚜威，这些方法有望用于进一步研究工作条件下这些物质的吸收情况。在一项职业卫生研究中，调查了作物保护和种球消毒中使用的不同施用技术导致的皮肤暴露情况。这得出了特定方法的暴露值（克/种球种植面积），这些值在不同技术之间存在很大差异。这些暴露值与所用技术类型、处理面积和施用频率的信息相结合，用于计算个人暴露指数（克/工作寿命）；这是对个体工人潜在（外部）暴露的一种估计。在一项效应研究中，将137名在至少种球消毒和作物保护（种植者最重要的暴露领域）中施用农药超过10年（平均20年）的工人与73名对照进行了比较。进行了自主神经和外周神经功能测试，包括传导速度和不应期的分布，以及计算机化神经行为测试和脑电图检查。在外周神经功能参数、注意力和感知编码测量以及脑电图中的β活动量方面发现了显著影响；数据表明，对于大多数受试者来说，这些影响较小。在肝脏和肾功能方面未发现影响，在可能归因于农药使用的症状患病率方面也没有差异。在一些接触工人中发现了对农药的皮肤过敏。基于这项研究，建议采取措施有效减少这种种植中农药的暴露。
