Department of Management.
Department of Psychology.
Psychol Bull. 2010 Nov;136(6):1092-1122. doi: 10.1037/a0021212.
The bulk of personality research has been built from self-report measures of personality. However, collecting personality ratings from other-raters, such as family, friends, and even strangers, is a dramatically underutilized method that allows better explanation and prediction of personality's role in many domains of psychology. Drawing hypotheses from D. C. Funder's (1995) realistic accuracy model about trait and information moderators of accuracy, we offer 3 meta-analyses to help researchers and applied psychologists understand and interpret both consistencies and unique insights afforded by other-ratings of personality. These meta-analyses integrate findings based on 44,178 target individuals rated across 263 independent samples. Each meta-analysis assessed the accuracy of observer ratings, as indexed by interrater consensus/reliability (Study 1), self-other correlations (Study 2), and predictions of behavior (Study 3). The results show that although increased frequency of interacting with targets does improve accuracy in rating personality, informants' interpersonal intimacy with the target is necessary for substantial increases in other-rating accuracy. Interpersonal intimacy improved accuracy especially for traits low in visibility (e.g., Emotional Stability) but only minimally for traits high in evaluativeness (e.g., Agreeableness). In addition, observer ratings were strong predictors of behaviors. When the criterion was academic achievement or job performance, other-ratings yielded predictive validities substantially greater than and incremental to self-ratings. These findings indicate that extraordinary value can gained by using other-reports to measure personality, and these findings provide guidelines toward enriching personality theory. Various subfields of psychology in which personality variables are systematically assessed and utilized in research and practice can benefit tremendously from use of others' ratings to measure personality variables.
人格研究的大部分内容都是基于人格的自我报告测量。然而，从其他评价者（如家人、朋友，甚至陌生人）收集人格评价是一种被极大低估的方法，它可以更好地解释和预测人格在心理学许多领域中的作用。借鉴 D.C. 丰德（D. C. Funder）（1995）关于特质和信息准确性调节因素的现实准确性模型中的假设，我们进行了 3 项元分析，以帮助研究人员和应用心理学家理解和解释他人对人格的评价所提供的一致性和独特见解。这些元分析整合了基于 44178 名被试在 263 个独立样本中的评价结果。每个元分析评估了观察者评价的准确性，指标包括评价者间的一致性/可靠性（研究 1）、自我-他人相关（研究 2）和行为预测（研究 3）。结果表明，尽管与目标的互动频率增加确实可以提高评价人格的准确性，但评价者与目标的人际亲密关系对于提高他人评价的准确性是必要的。人际亲密关系提高了准确性，尤其是对于可见性较低的特质（例如，情绪稳定性），但对于评价性较高的特质（例如，宜人性）影响较小。此外，观察者评价是行为的有力预测指标。当标准是学业成绩或工作表现时，他人评价的预测效度明显大于且优于自我评价。这些发现表明，使用他人报告来测量人格可以获得非凡的价值，这些发现为丰富人格理论提供了指导。心理学的各个子领域，如果系统地评估和利用研究和实践中的人格变量，都可以从使用他人的评价来衡量人格变量中获益匪浅。
