Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J B Winsloewsvej 21, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark.
Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2011 Jun;25(3):249-57. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2010.10.010. Epub 2010 Nov 4.
It is now possible to view human placentation in an evolutionary context because advances in molecular phylogenetics provide a reliable scenario for the evolution of mammals. Perhaps the most striking finding is the uniqueness of human placenta. The lower primates have non-invasive placentae and even tarsiers and New World monkeys show restricted trophoblast invasion. Moreover, a truly villous placenta occurs only in Old World monkeys and great apes. The two latter groups of haplorhine primates show varying degrees of trophoblast-uterine interaction, including differences in the extent of decidualization, formation and disintegration of a cytotrophoblastic shell, degree of interstitial trophoblast invasion and depth of trophoblast invasion into spiral arteries. Recently, the occurrence of human-like deep invasion was confirmed in gorillas and chimpanzees. As the still enigmatic disease of pre-eclampsia also occurs in these species, such information may reveal the evolutionary roots of this disease of impaired maternal-fetal interaction.
现在可以从进化的角度来观察人类胎盘，因为分子系统发生学的进步为哺乳动物的进化提供了一个可靠的场景。也许最引人注目的发现是人类胎盘的独特性。较低等的灵长类动物具有非侵入性胎盘，甚至食虫目动物和新世界猴类也显示出有限的滋养层入侵。此外，真正的绒毛胎盘仅在旧世界猴类和大猿类中出现。后两组有袋目灵长类动物表现出不同程度的滋养层-子宫相互作用，包括蜕膜化程度、细胞滋养层壳的形成和分解、间质滋养层侵入的程度以及滋养层侵入螺旋动脉的深度的差异。最近，在大猩猩和黑猩猩中也证实了类似人类的深层入侵。由于子痫前期这种仍然神秘的疾病也发生在这些物种中，因此这些信息可能揭示了这种母婴互动受损疾病的进化根源。
