Zsoldos R R, Groesel M, Kotschwar A, Kotschwar A B, Licka T, Peham C
Movement Science Group Vienna, Clinic of Orthopaedics in Ungulates, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria.
Equine Vet J Suppl. 2010 Nov(38):516-22. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00265.x.
The motion of the atlanto-occipital, cervical vertebral and cervicothoracic joints play an important role in equestrian sports and they are also common sites for lesions limiting performance in horses.
To calculate inverse kinematics based on cervical vertebral motion and to develop a model close to the measured neck movements.
Measurements were recorded in 6 horses without neck pain. Reflective markers were placed on both cristae facialis, both sides of cervical vertebra 1, 3 and 6 on the withers and hooves. The neck model was reconstructed from CT scans of the osseus structures and was developed in SIMM (Software for Interactive Musculoskeletal Modelling). Inverse kinematics calculation was done in OpenSim. Three degrees of freedom: Flexion-extension (FE), axial rotation (AR) and lateral bending (LB) were considered. The simulated motion was generated from the recorded motion of the skin markers. The differences in angular range of motion (ROM) of the joints were analysed using paired sample t tests.
From the model, the smallest FE ROM was in the C5-C6 joint (2° ± 1°) and the largest was in the C3-C4 joint (11° ± 5°). The smallest AR ROM was in the C5-C6 joint (2° ± 1°) and largest AR ROM was in the atlantoaxial joint (7° ± 2°). The smallest LB ROM was in the C5-C6 joint (2° ± 1°) and the largest LB ROM was in the cervicothoracic joint (18° ± 5°). There were significant differences between the ROM of joints in 51 of 168 comparisons (P < 0.05).
The result of the motion of each joint gives an insight into the biomechanics of the equine neck. The small FE ROM at C5-C6 illustrates the pathogenetical relevance of the model for the development of osteoarthritis. The calculated data also provides a source for inverse dynamics.
寰枕关节、颈椎关节和颈胸关节的运动在马术运动中起着重要作用，同时也是马匹运动受限损伤的常见部位。
基于颈椎运动计算逆运动学，并建立一个接近实测颈部运动的模型。
对6匹无颈部疼痛的马匹进行测量。在面部嵴、第1、3和6颈椎两侧、肩部和蹄部放置反光标记。通过骨骼结构的CT扫描重建颈部模型，并在SIMM（交互式肌肉骨骼建模软件）中开发。在OpenSim中进行逆运动学计算。考虑了三个自由度：屈伸（FE）、轴向旋转（AR）和侧弯（LB）。模拟运动由皮肤标记的记录运动生成。使用配对样本t检验分析关节运动角度范围（ROM）的差异。
从模型中可知，屈伸运动范围最小的是C5-C6关节（2°±1°），最大的是C3-C4关节（11°±5°）。轴向旋转运动范围最小的是C5-C6关节（2°±1°），最大的是寰枢关节（7°±2°）。侧弯运动范围最小的是C5-C6关节（2°±1°），最大的是颈胸关节（18°±5°）。在168次比较中的51次中，关节的运动范围存在显著差异（P<0.05）。
每个关节的运动结果有助于深入了解马颈部的生物力学。C5-C6关节较小的屈伸运动范围说明了该模型与骨关节炎发展的病理相关性。计算得到的数据也为逆动力学提供了一个来源。
