Mountain Hydrology and Torrents, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
Environ Monit Assess. 2011 Mar;174(1-4):91-106. doi: 10.1007/s10661-010-1757-0. Epub 2010 Nov 12.
Long-term data on precipitation and runoff are essential to draw firm conclusions about the behavior and trends of hydrological catchments that may be influenced by land use and climate change. Here the longest continuous runoff records from small catchments (<1 km(2)) in Switzerland (and possibly worldwide) are reported. The history of the hydrological monitoring in the Sperbel- and Rappengraben (Emmental) is summarized, and inherent uncertainties in the data arising from the operation of the gauges are described. The runoff stations operated safely for more than 90% of the summer months when most of the major flood events occurred. Nevertheless, the absolute values of peak runoff during the largest flood events are subject to considerable uncertainty. The observed differences in average, base, and peak runoff can only partly be attributed to the substantial differences in forest coverage. This treasure trove of data can be used in various ways, exemplified here with an analysis of the generalized extreme value distributions of the two catchments. These distributions, and hence flood return periods, have varied greatly in the course of one century, influenced by the occurrence of single extreme events. The data will be made publicly available for the further analysis of the mechanisms governing the runoff behavior of small catchments, as well as for testing stochastic and deterministic models.
长期的降水和径流量数据对于了解受土地利用和气候变化影响的水文流域的行为和趋势至关重要。本文报道了瑞士（可能在全球范围内）小流域（<1 平方公里）最长的连续径流量记录。总结了瑞士恩特蒙地区的 Sperbel- 和 Rappengraben（拉彭贝格）流域的水文监测历史，并描述了由于仪器操作而产生的数据固有不确定性。当大部分主要洪水事件发生时，径流量站在夏季的 90%以上时间都安全运行。然而，最大洪水事件期间峰值径流量的绝对值存在相当大的不确定性。观测到的平均、基础和峰值径流量之间的差异只能部分归因于森林覆盖率的显著差异。这些数据可以以多种方式使用，此处通过对两个流域的广义极值分布进行分析为例。这些分布以及洪水重现期在一个世纪的过程中发生了很大变化，受到单个极端事件的发生影响。这些数据将公开提供，以便进一步分析控制小流域径流量行为的机制，并用于测试随机和确定性模型。
