Forest Research Institute of Baden-Württemberg, Wonnhaldestr. 4, 791 00, Freiburg, Germany.
Environ Monit Assess. 2011 Mar;174(1-4):65-89. doi: 10.1007/s10661-010-1758-z. Epub 2010 Nov 14.
This study evaluates the acidification status and trends in streams of forested mountain ranges in Germany in consequence of reduced anthropogenic deposition since the mid 1980s. The analysis is based on water quality data for 86 long-term monitored streams in the Ore Mountains, the Bavarian Forest, the Fichtelgebirge, the Harz Mountains, the Spessart, the Black Forest, the Thuringian Forest, and the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge of Germany and the Vosges of France. Within the observation period, which starts for the individual streams between 1980 and 2001 and ends between 1990 and 2009, trends in chemical water quality were calculated with the Seasonal Mann Kendall Test. About 87% of the streams show significant (p < 0.05) negative trends in sulfate. The general reduction in acid deposition resulted in increased pH values (significant for 66% of the streams) and subsequently decreased base cation concentrations in the stream water (for calcium significant in 58% and magnesium 49% of the streams). Reaction products of acidification such as aluminum (significant for 50%) or manganese (significant for 69%) also decreased. Nitrate (52% with significant decrease) and chloride (38% with significant increase) have less pronounced trends and more variable spatial patterns. For the quotient of acidification, which is the ratio of the sum of base cations and the sum of acid anions, no clear trend is observed: in 44% of the monitored streams values significantly decreased and in 23% values significantly increased. A notable observation is the increasing DOC concentration, which is significant for 55% of the observed streams.
本研究评估了自 20 世纪 80 年代中期以来人为沉降减少后，德国森林山脉溪流酸化的现状和趋势。该分析基于德国 Ore Mountains、Bavarian Forest、Fichtelgebirge、Harz Mountains、Spessart、Black Forest、Thuringian Forest 和 Rheinisches Schiefergebirge 以及法国 Vosges 的 86 条长期监测溪流的水质数据。在观测期间，每条溪流的起始时间为 1980 年至 2001 年，结束时间为 1990 年至 2009 年，采用季节性 Mann Kendall 检验计算水质化学变化趋势。约 87%的溪流硫酸盐呈显著（p < 0.05）负趋势。由于酸沉降减少，pH 值升高（66%的溪流显著），溪流水中的碱金属阳离子浓度降低（钙在 58%的溪流中显著降低，镁在 49%的溪流中显著降低）。酸化的反应产物如铝（50%的溪流显著降低）或锰（69%的溪流显著降低）也有所减少。硝酸盐（52%的溪流显著减少）和氯化物（38%的溪流显著增加）的变化趋势不太明显，空间分布也更为多样。对于酸化比，即碱金属阳离子之和与酸阴离子之和的比值，没有明显的趋势：在监测的溪流中，有 44%的酸化比显著降低，有 23%的酸化比显著升高。一个值得注意的观察结果是，DOC 浓度呈上升趋势，在观测到的溪流中，有 55%的溪流 DOC 浓度显著升高。
