Gamaleya Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 123098, Russia.
Biochemistry (Mosc). 2010 Sep;75(9):1098-114. doi: 10.1134/s0006297910090038.
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are among key receptors of the innate mammalian immune system. Receptors of this family are able to recognize specific highly conserved molecular regions (patterns) in pathogen structures, thus initiating reactions of both innate and acquired immune response finally resulting in the elimination of the pathogen. In this case every individual TLR type is able to bind a broad spectrum of molecules of microbial origin characterized by different chemical properties and structures. Recent data demonstrate the existence of a multistep mechanism of the TLR recognition of the pathogen in which, in addition to receptors proper, the involvement of different adapter molecules is necessary. However, functions of separate adapter molecules as well as the principles of formation of a multicomponent system of ligand-specific recognition are still not quite understandable. We describe all identified as well as possible (candidate) adapter TLR molecules by giving their brief characteristics, and we also propose generalized possible variants of the TLR ligand-specific recognition with involvement of adapter molecules.
Toll 样受体（TLR）是先天哺乳动物免疫系统的关键受体之一。该家族的受体能够识别病原体结构中特定的高度保守的分子区域（模式），从而启动先天和获得性免疫反应，最终消除病原体。在这种情况下，每种 TLR 类型都能够结合具有不同化学性质和结构的微生物来源的广谱分子。最近的数据表明，TLR 识别病原体的机制是多步骤的，除了受体本身，还需要不同衔接子分子的参与。然而，单独衔接子分子的功能以及形成配体特异性识别的多成分系统的原则仍不完全清楚。我们通过简要描述其特征来描述所有已鉴定的以及可能的（候选）TLR 衔接子分子，并且还提出了涉及衔接子分子的 TLR 配体特异性识别的广义可能变体。
