Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
J Fish Biol. 2010 Nov;77(8):1745-79. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02783.x. Epub 2010 Sep 23.
Ongoing climate change is predicted to affect individual organisms during all life stages, thereby affecting populations of a species, communities and the functioning of ecosystems. These effects of climate change can be direct, through changing water temperatures and associated phenologies, the lengths and frequency of hypoxia events, through ongoing ocean acidification trends or through shifts in hydrodynamics and in sea level. In some cases, climate interactions with a species will also, or mostly, be indirect and mediated through direct effects on key prey species which change the composition and dynamic coupling of food webs. Thus, the implications of climate change for marine fish populations can be seen to result from phenomena at four interlinked levels of biological organization: (1) organismal-level physiological changes will occur in response to changing environmental variables such as temperature, dissolved oxygen and ocean carbon dioxide levels. An integrated view of relevant effects, adaptation processes and tolerance limits is provided by the concept of oxygen and capacity-limited thermal tolerance (OCLT). (2) Individual-level behavioural changes may occur such as the avoidance of unfavourable conditions and, if possible, movement into suitable areas. (3) Population-level changes may be observed via changes in the balance between rates of mortality, growth and reproduction. This includes changes in the retention or dispersion of early life stages by ocean currents, which lead to the establishment of new populations in new areas or abandonment of traditional habitats. (4) Ecosystem-level changes in productivity and food web interactions will result from differing physiological responses by organisms at different levels of the food web. The shifts in biogeography and warming-induced biodiversity will affect species productivity and may, thus, explain changes in fisheries economies. This paper tries to establish links between various levels of biological organization by means of addressing the effective physiological principles at the cellular, tissue and whole organism levels.
预计正在发生的气候变化将影响生物个体在所有生命阶段的状况，从而影响物种的种群、群落以及生态系统的功能。气候变化的这些影响可能是直接的，例如通过改变水温和相关物候学、缺氧事件的持续时间和频率，通过持续的海洋酸化趋势，或者通过水动力和海平面的变化。在某些情况下，气候与物种的相互作用也可能是间接的，主要是通过对改变食物网组成和动态耦合的关键猎物物种的直接影响来介导。因此，海洋鱼类种群受气候变化的影响可以从生物组织的四个相互关联的层次上的现象中看出：（1）生物体水平的生理变化将随着环境变量（如温度、溶解氧和海洋二氧化碳水平）的变化而发生。相关效应、适应过程和耐受极限的综合观点是通过氧气和容量限制的热耐受（OCLT）概念提供的。（2）可能会发生个体水平的行为变化，例如避免不利条件，如果可能的话，迁移到适宜的区域。（3）可能会通过死亡率、生长和繁殖率之间的平衡变化观察到种群水平的变化。这包括通过洋流改变早期生命阶段的保留或分散，从而导致新种群在新区域建立或传统栖息地被放弃。（4）由于食物链中不同层次的生物对不同生理反应的影响，将导致生态系统生产力和食物网相互作用的变化。生物地理学的转移和变暖引起的生物多样性变化将影响物种的生产力，从而可能解释渔业经济的变化。本文试图通过解决细胞、组织和整个生物体水平上的有效生理原理，在各个层次的生物组织之间建立联系。
