Gallardo E, Barroso M, Queiroz J A
Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
Bioanalysis. 2009 Jun;1(3):637-67. doi: 10.4155/bio.09.23.
Drug oral fluid analysis was first used almost 30 years ago for the purpose of therapeutic drug monitoring. Since then, oral fluid bioanalysis has become more popular, mainly in the fields of pharmacokinetics, workplace drug testing, criminal justice, driving under the influence testing and therapeutic drug monitoring. In fact, oral fluid can provide a readily available and noninvasive medium, without any privacy loss by the examinee, which occurs, for instance, during the collection of urine samples. It is believed that drug concentrations in oral fluid may parallel those measured in blood. This feature makes oral fluid an alternative analytical specimen to blood, which assumes particular importance in roadside testing, the most published application of this sample. Great improvements in the development of accurate and reliable methods for sample collection, in situ detection devices (on-site drug detection kits), and highly sensitive and specific analytical methods for oral fluid testing of drugs have been observed in the last few years. However, without mass spectrometry-based analytical methods, such as liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), the desired sensitivity would not be met, due to the low amounts of sample usually available for analysis. This review will discuss a series of published papers on the applicability of oral fluid in the field of analytical, clinical and forensic toxicology, with a special focus on its advantages and drawbacks over the normally used biological specimens and the main technological advances over the last decade, which have made oral fluid analysis of drugs possible.
药物口服液分析在近30年前首次用于治疗药物监测目的。从那时起，口服液生物分析变得更加流行，主要应用于药代动力学、工作场所药物检测、刑事司法、酒后驾驶检测和治疗药物监测等领域。事实上，口服液可以提供一种随时可用且非侵入性的介质，受检者不会有任何隐私泄露，而这在采集尿液样本等过程中是会发生的。人们认为口服液中的药物浓度可能与血液中测得的浓度相似。这一特性使口服液成为血液的替代分析样本，在路边检测中这一点尤为重要，这也是该样本应用最为广泛的领域。在过去几年中，在样本采集的准确可靠方法、现场检测设备（现场药物检测试剂盒）以及用于药物口服液检测的高灵敏度和高特异性分析方法的开发方面都有了很大改进。然而，如果没有基于质谱的分析方法，如液相色谱-质谱联用（LC-MS）或串联质谱（LC-MS/MS），由于通常可供分析的样本量较少，就无法达到所需的灵敏度。本综述将讨论一系列已发表的关于口服液在分析毒理学、临床毒理学和法医毒理学领域适用性的论文，特别关注其相对于常用生物样本的优缺点以及过去十年的主要技术进展，这些进展使药物的口服液分析成为可能。
