Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Jan;93(1):172-85. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.30127. Epub 2010 Nov 17.
BACKGROUND: US children consume folic acid from multiple sources. These sources may contribute differently to usual intakes above the age-specific tolerable upper intake level (UL) for folic acid and to folate and vitamin B-12 status. OBJECTIVE: We estimated usual daily folic acid intakes above the UL and adjusted serum and red blood cell folate, serum vitamin B-12, homocysteine, and methylmalonic acid (MMA) concentrations in US children by age group and by the following 3 major folic acid intake sources: enriched cereal-grain products (ECGP), ready-to-eat cereals (RTE), and supplements containing folic acid (SUP). DESIGN: We analyzed data in 4 groups of children aged 1-3, 4-8, 9-13, and 14-18 y from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2003-2006 (n = 7161). RESULTS: A total of 19-48% of children consumed folic acid from ECGP only. Intakes above the UL varied from 0-0.1% of children who consumed ECGP only to 15-78% of children who consumed ECGP+RTE+SUP. In children aged 1-8 y, 99-100% of those who consumed ≥ 200 μg folic acid/d from supplements exceeded their UL. Although < 0.5% of children had folate deficiency or low vitamin B-12 status, the consumption of RTE or SUP with folic acid was associated with higher mean folate and vitamin B-12 concentrations and, in some older children, with lower homocysteine and MMA concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the majority of US children consume more than one source of folic acid. Postfortification, the consumption of RTE or SUP increases usual daily intakes and blood concentrations of folate and vitamin B-12.
背景：美国儿童从多种来源摄入叶酸。这些来源可能会对超过特定年龄可耐受最高摄入量 (UL) 的叶酸以及叶酸和维生素 B-12 状况的通常摄入量产生不同的影响。
目的：我们按年龄组估计了超过 UL 的儿童每日叶酸摄入量，并通过以下 3 种主要叶酸摄入来源调整了血清和红细胞叶酸、血清维生素 B-12、同型半胱氨酸和甲基丙二酸 (MMA) 浓度：强化谷物产品 (ECGP)、即食谷物 (RTE) 和含有叶酸的补充剂 (SUP)。
设计：我们分析了 2003-2006 年国家健康和营养检查调查 (NHANES) 中 4 组年龄在 1-3、4-8、9-13 和 14-18 岁的儿童的数据（n=7161）。
结果：共有 19-48%的儿童仅从 ECGP 中摄入叶酸。超过 UL 的摄入量从仅摄入 ECGP 的儿童的 0-0.1%到同时摄入 ECGP+RTE+SUP 的儿童的 15-78%不等。在 1-8 岁的儿童中，99-100%的从补充剂中摄入≥200μg叶酸/d 的儿童超过了 UL。尽管<0.5%的儿童有叶酸缺乏或低维生素 B-12 状况，但摄入 RTE 或 SUP 与叶酸会导致更高的平均叶酸和维生素 B-12 浓度，在一些年龄较大的儿童中，同型半胱氨酸和 MMA 浓度会降低。
结论：我们的数据表明，大多数美国儿童会从多种来源摄入叶酸。强化后，RTE 或 SUP 的消费会增加通常的每日叶酸和维生素 B-12 摄入量和血液浓度。
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