Tirado Blázquez María Cristina
University of California-Los Angeles School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Gac Sanit. 2010 Dec;24 Suppl 1:78-84. doi: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2010.10.004. Epub 2010 Nov 20.
To present the available evidence on the impacts of climate change on health, to analyze the situation in Spain in relation to the European context, to discuss barriers to and catalysts for climate change, and to recommend policy options to reduce the effects of climate change on health.
We reviewed the literature on the impact of climate change on health. The proposals for adaptation to climate change identified in the framework of the European project coordinated by the WHO/Europe on "Climate, Environment and Health action plans and information systems" were analyzed.
The effects of climate change on health include: 1) an increase in the impacts of extreme weather events; 2) an increase of the frequency of respiratory diseases due to changes in air quality and pollen distribution; 3) an increase in the incidence of food-borne, zoonotic and waterborne diseases; and 4) a change in the distribution of infectious diseases and/or their vectors. In Spain, the morbidity and mortality due to heat waves are expected to increase. The main impact related to atmospheric contamination is a predicted increase in fine particles and ozone. There is also a risk of an increase in the geographical distribution of vector borne diseases that are already established in Spain or the establishment of new subtropical vectors. Spain is one of the first European countries to have developed a climate change adaptation plan. This plan provides a framework for coordination among public institutions on activities to evaluate the impacts of climate change, as well as vulnerability and adaptation to this phenomenon, and makes reference to the health sector.
Policy options to reduce the impacts of climate change on health include: 1) integrating health in all policies, strategies and interventions to mitigate and adapt to climate change; 2) strengthening health systems and public health systems to improve their ability to prevent, prepare and respond to the impacts of climate change; 3) raising awareness among all sectors to promote the co-benefits to health of adaptation and mitigation strategies; and 4) promoting research, technological development, data sharing and information exchange across sectors.
展示关于气候变化对健康影响的现有证据，分析西班牙在欧洲背景下的相关情况，讨论气候变化的障碍和促进因素，并推荐政策选项以减少气候变化对健康的影响。
我们回顾了关于气候变化对健康影响的文献。分析了在世界卫生组织欧洲区域办事处协调的欧洲项目“气候、环境与健康行动计划及信息系统”框架内确定的适应气候变化的提议。
气候变化对健康的影响包括：1）极端天气事件的影响增加；2）由于空气质量和花粉分布变化导致呼吸道疾病频率增加；3）食源性、人畜共患病和水源性疾病发病率增加；4）传染病和/或其病媒分布的变化。在西班牙，预计热浪导致的发病率和死亡率将会增加。与大气污染相关的主要影响是预计细颗粒物和臭氧会增加。西班牙已经存在的媒介传播疾病的地理分布有增加风险，或者会出现新的亚热带病媒。西班牙是最早制定气候变化适应计划的欧洲国家之一。该计划为公共机构之间就评估气候变化影响以及对这一现象的脆弱性和适应性的活动进行协调提供了框架，并提及了卫生部门。
减少气候变化对健康影响的政策选项包括：1）将健康纳入所有缓解和适应气候变化的政策、战略及干预措施中；2）加强卫生系统和公共卫生系统，以提高其预防、应对气候变化影响的能力；3）提高所有部门的认识，以促进适应和缓解战略对健康的协同效益；4）促进跨部门的研究、技术开发、数据共享和信息交流。
