Migl Karen S, Powell Rose M
Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX 75962, USA.
Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2010 Dec;22(4):445-54. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2010.10.002.
To prioritize the most common effects of a disaster, HCPs must decide in advance what is needed and how, when, and whom to provide the necessary support to deal with the posteffects of a disaster. During the rescue mission, the primary public health concern is clean drinking water, food, shelter, and medical care. Medical care is critical especially in areas where little or no medical care exists. Natural disasters do not necessarily cause an increase in infectious disease outbreaks. However, contaminated water and food supplies as well as the lack of shelter and medical care may have a secondary effect of worsening illnesses that already exists in the affected region. Appropriate preparation in the form of preplanning for immunizations as well as education about other forms of protection, such as appropriate apparel and water decontamination, promotes a safer environment for first responders and survivors. The continued need for postdisaster health monitoring for HCPs is imperative. The effects of a disaster last a long time; therefore there is an ongoing need to focus on the physical and environmental effects, including surveying and monitoring for infectious water or insect-transmitted diseases; restoring normal primary health services, water systems, transportation, housing, and employment; and continuing to assist the community’s recovery after the immediate crisis has subsided.
为了优先处理灾难最常见的影响，医疗保健人员必须提前决定需要什么以及如何、何时以及向谁提供必要的支持，以应对灾难的后续影响。在救援任务期间，主要的公共卫生关注点是清洁饮用水、食物、住所和医疗护理。医疗护理至关重要，尤其是在几乎没有或根本没有医疗护理的地区。自然灾害不一定会导致传染病爆发增加。然而，受污染的水和食物供应以及缺乏住所和医疗护理可能会产生次生影响，使受灾地区已经存在的疾病恶化。通过提前规划免疫接种以及开展关于其他保护形式（如适当的服装和水净化）的教育进行适当准备，可为急救人员和幸存者营造更安全的环境。医疗保健人员对灾后健康监测的持续需求至关重要。灾难的影响会持续很长时间；因此，持续需要关注身体和环境影响，包括对传染性水源性疾病或虫媒传播疾病进行调查和监测；恢复正常的初级卫生服务、供水系统、交通、住房和就业；并在直接危机消退后继续协助社区恢复。
