Department of Political Science, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0521, USA.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Dec 28;107(52):22384-90. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1015550107. Epub 2010 Nov 22.
Is there a Muslim disadvantage in economic integration for second-generation immigrants to Europe? Previous research has failed to isolate the effect that religion may have on an immigrant family's labor market opportunities because other factors, such as country of origin or race, confound the result. This paper uses a correspondence test in the French labor market to identify and measure this religious effect. The results confirm that in the French labor market, anti-Muslim discrimination exists: a Muslim candidate is 2.5 times less likely to receive a job interview callback than is his or her Christian counterpart. A high-n survey reveals, consistent with expectations from the correspondence test, that second-generation Muslim households in France have lower income compared with matched Christian households. The paper thereby contributes to both substantive debates on the Muslim experience in Europe and methodological debates on how to measure discrimination. Following the National Academy of Sciences' 2001 recommendations on combining a variety of methodologies and applying them to real-world situations, this research identifies, measures, and infers consequences of discrimination based on religious affiliation, controlling for potentially confounding factors, such as race and country of origin.
欧洲第二代移民的经济融合是否对穆斯林存在不利？ 先前的研究未能隔离宗教可能对移民家庭的劳动力市场机会产生的影响，因为其他因素，如原籍国或种族，使结果变得复杂。本文使用法国劳动力市场中的对应测试来识别和衡量这种宗教效应。结果证实，在法国劳动力市场中存在反穆斯林歧视：穆斯林求职者获得工作面试回复的可能性比其基督教对应者低 2.5 倍。一项高-N 调查显示，与对应测试的预期一致，法国的第二代穆斯林家庭的收入低于与之匹配的基督教家庭。因此，本文为关于欧洲穆斯林经历的实质性辩论和关于如何衡量歧视的方法论辩论做出了贡献。 本研究遵循 2001 年美国国家科学院关于结合多种方法并将其应用于实际情况的建议，根据宗教信仰识别、衡量和推断歧视的后果，同时控制潜在的混杂因素，如种族和原籍国。
