Czymara Christian S, Eisentraut Marcus
Faculty of Social Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany.
GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Cologne, Germany.
Front Sociol. 2020 Oct 23;5:538926. doi: 10.3389/fsoc.2020.538926. eCollection 2020.
With a growing Muslim population, many European countries need to integrate Muslims into their societies. One aspect that can hinder successful integration are substantial differences in human values. This is because such values are consequential for attitudes as well as behavior. We compare basic human values between Muslim immigrants and non-Muslim natives in four European countries with distinct immigration histories and integration politics: Belgium, France, Germany, and Sweden. For most insightful comparisons, we contrast values of Muslim immigrants with those of Christian natives as well as those of non-religious natives. We employ data of more than 50,000 individuals based on the first eight waves of the European Social Survey. Our findings reveal significant differences in value priorities between Muslims, Christians and non-religious individuals in all four countries. Amongst other things, Muslim immigrants score particularly high in values ( and ). At the same time, they also score higher in values ( as well as ). While many of these findings are in line with theory and previous research, the higher score in is unexpected. A potential explanation is the combination of religious traditionalism and discrimination experiences. In other words, religious traditions are associated with more conservative views, but being subject to marginalization can still result in an appreciation of equal opportunities. We find only limited support for differences in . Religiosity correlates with values of for Muslim immigrants as well as for Christian natives. Thus, accounting for religiosity renders differences in these values between Muslims and other groups statistically insignificant. While most of these findings hold in all countries, differences are most pronounced in Sweden and lower in the other three countries, which is also true after accounting for differences in socio-economic status and religiosity between the three groups. This suggests that a combination of a country's history of diversity and national integration policies either encourages the convergence of values or leads to a solidification of value differences between groups. We discuss these political and social implications of our findings.
随着穆斯林人口的不断增长，许多欧洲国家需要将穆斯林融入其社会。可能阻碍成功融入的一个方面是人类价值观的巨大差异。这是因为这些价值观对态度和行为都有重要影响。我们在四个具有不同移民历史和融合政策的欧洲国家——比利时、法国、德国和瑞典，比较了穆斯林移民和非穆斯林本土居民之间的基本人类价值观。为了进行最有洞察力的比较，我们将穆斯林移民的价值观与基督教本土居民以及非宗教本土居民的价值观进行了对比。我们使用了基于欧洲社会调查前八轮的5万多人的数据。我们的研究结果显示，在所有四个国家中，穆斯林、基督教徒和非宗教人士在价值优先级上存在显著差异。其中，穆斯林移民在某些价值观（具体价值观未提及）上得分特别高。同时，他们在其他价值观（具体价值观未提及）上也得分较高。虽然这些发现中的许多与理论和先前的研究一致，但在某一价值观（具体价值观未提及）上得分较高是出乎意料的。一个可能的解释是宗教传统主义和歧视经历的结合。换句话说，宗教传统与更保守的观点相关，但受到边缘化仍然可能导致对平等机会的重视。我们发现关于某一价值观（具体价值观未提及）差异的支持有限。宗教信仰与穆斯林移民以及基督教本土居民的某些价值观（具体价值观未提及）相关。因此，考虑到宗教信仰，穆斯林与其他群体在这些价值观上的差异在统计上不显著。虽然这些发现中的大多数在所有国家都成立，但差异在瑞典最为明显，在其他三个国家则较小，在考虑了三组之间的社会经济地位和宗教信仰差异后也是如此。这表明一个国家的多样性历史和国家融合政策的结合要么鼓励价值观的趋同，要么导致群体之间价值差异的固化。我们讨论了我们研究结果的这些政治和社会影响。
