Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
Int J Urol. 2011 Feb;18(2):102-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2010.02677.x. Epub 2010 Nov 29.
The evolution of urological imaging has had a major impact on the diagnosis and treatment of urological diseases since the discovery of the X-ray by Roentgen in 1895. Early developments included plain films of the abdomen, retrograde urographic techniques, development of contrast media, excretory urography, renal mass puncture, renal angiography, cystography and nuclear medicine procedures. These procedures led to the maturation of the specialties of diagnostic radiology and urology, and the development of the subspecialties of pediatric urology and urological radiology during the first seven decades of the 20th century. Subsequently, many imaging advances have occurred leading to changes in diagnosis and management of urological patients. Ultrasound and cross-sectional imaging technologies (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) are increasingly applied in urological evaluation, treatment and surveillance. Current developments include dual energy computed tomography, positron emission tomography computed tomography, renal donor and renal transplant imaging, prostate magnetic resonance imaging, and microbubble contrast enhanced ultrasound. Imaging advances will continue. It is the responsibility of all physicians to assess the advantages of new developments while weighing those advantages against the additional radiation exposure and the costs associated with new procedures.
自 1895 年伦琴发现 X 射线以来，泌尿外科影像学的发展对泌尿系统疾病的诊断和治疗产生了重大影响。早期的发展包括腹部平片、逆行尿路造影技术、造影剂的开发、排泄性尿路造影、肾肿块穿刺、肾血管造影、膀胱造影和核医学程序。这些程序导致了放射诊断学和泌尿科的专业成熟，并在 20 世纪的前 70 年发展了儿科泌尿科和泌尿科放射学的亚专业。随后，许多影像学的进步导致了对泌尿系统患者的诊断和治疗的改变。超声和横断面成像技术（计算机断层扫描和磁共振成像）越来越多地应用于泌尿系统的评估、治疗和监测。目前的发展包括双能计算机断层扫描、正电子发射断层扫描计算机断层扫描、肾供体和肾移植成像、前列腺磁共振成像以及微泡对比增强超声。影像学的进步将继续。所有医生都有责任评估新发展的优势，同时权衡这些优势与新程序相关的额外辐射暴露和成本。
