Tipples Graham, Hiebert Joanne
National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
Methods Mol Biol. 2011;665:183-93. doi: 10.1007/978-1-60761-817-1_11.
Measles, mumps, and rubella are infections caused by RNA viruses of the same name and are vaccine preventable. The vaccines are frequently administered in a trivalent form. Laboratory diagnostic methods can include indirect detection via antibody (IgM and IgG) detection methods and direct detection by viral culture or viral genome detection. There are challenges for the laboratory in areas with low prevalence due to high vaccine uptake. In those areas, routine serological methods such as IgM detection may have a reduced positive predictive value and thus require confirmation by other methods. Direct detection of viral genomic material using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methodologies can play an important role for laboratory confirmation of acute infections. Furthermore, genotyping of these three viruses provides useful molecular epidemiological data for differentiating vaccine from wild-type strains, linking cases and outbreaks, and tracking geographic spread and elimination. The purpose of this chapter is to provide guidance for the laboratory diagnosis of measles, mumps, and rubella virus infections. Where assays are commercially available or previously published, the appropriate references are provided as well as brief comments on the interpretation of results. Detailed protocols are provided for the molecular assays which have been developed and more commonly applied in recent years.
麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹是由同名RNA病毒引起的感染性疾病，可通过接种疫苗预防。这些疫苗通常以三联疫苗的形式接种。实验室诊断方法可包括通过抗体（IgM和IgG）检测方法进行间接检测，以及通过病毒培养或病毒基因组检测进行直接检测。由于疫苗接种率高，在发病率较低的地区，实验室面临着挑战。在这些地区，常规血清学方法（如IgM检测）的阳性预测值可能会降低，因此需要通过其他方法进行确认。使用逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）方法直接检测病毒基因组材料，对于实验室确诊急性感染可发挥重要作用。此外，对这三种病毒进行基因分型，可为区分疫苗株和野生型毒株、关联病例和疫情、追踪地理传播及消除情况提供有用的分子流行病学数据。本章旨在为麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹病毒感染的实验室诊断提供指导。对于有商业供应或先前已发表的检测方法，将提供适当的参考文献以及对结果解读的简要评论。本章还提供了近年来开发并更广泛应用的分子检测方法的详细方案。
