Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
Dev Psychol. 2011 Mar;47(2):509-26. doi: 10.1037/a0021061.
In this study, we examined concurrent and longitudinal relations among Navajo adolescents' ethnic identity, experiences of discrimination, and psychosocial outcomes (i.e., self-esteem, substance use, and social functioning). At Time 1, 137 Navajo adolescents (67 male, 70 female), primarily in Grades 9 and 10, completed a written survey assessing ethnic identity, discrimination experiences, and a range of internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Two years later, 92 participants completed the same survey again. Ethnic and cultural identification was assessed via the Multiethnic Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM; Phinney, 1992) and the Orthogonal Cultural Identification Scale (OCIS; Oetting & Beauvais, 1990). At Time 1, MEIM Affirmation and Belonging, MEIM Exploration, and OCIS White American identification all demonstrated strong, positive associations with adaptive functioning for male and female adolescents, whereas discrimination experiences were linked to lower self-esteem and social functioning for male adolescents. By Time 2, fewer significant concurrent associations between ethnic identity and psychosocial functioning scores remained, and discrimination experiences emerged as the most consistent correlate of poorer psychosocial functioning for male adolescents. Controlling for Time 1 psychosocial functioning, relatively few direct effects of ethnic and cultural identification variables predicted psychosocial functioning longitudinally, but discrimination experiences demonstrated strong and consistent longitudinal links with boys' substance use. Finally, interaction effects assessing the moderating influence of ethnic and cultural identification on negative links between discrimination and psychosocial functioning suggested that embeddedness in and connection to Navajo culture and, in some cases, connection to White American culture, served as a buffer to the negative effects of discrimination experiences.
在这项研究中，我们考察了纳瓦霍青少年的种族认同、歧视经历和心理社会结果（即自尊、物质使用和社交功能）之间的同期和纵向关系。在第一时间，137 名纳瓦霍青少年（67 名男性，70 名女性），主要在 9 年级和 10 年级，完成了一项书面调查，评估种族认同、歧视经历和一系列内化和外化行为。两年后，92 名参与者再次完成了相同的调查。种族和文化认同通过多元族裔民族认同量表（MEIM；Phinney，1992）和正交文化认同量表（OCIS；Oetting 和 Beauvais，1990）进行评估。在第一时间，MEIM 肯定和归属感、MEIM 探索和 OCIS 美国白人认同都与男性和女性青少年的适应性功能呈强烈的正相关，而歧视经历与男性青少年的自尊心和社交功能较低有关。到第二时间，种族认同与心理社会功能评分之间的同期关联较少，歧视经历成为男性青少年心理社会功能较差的最一致相关因素。控制第一时间的心理社会功能，种族和文化认同变量对心理社会功能的直接影响相对较少，但歧视经历表现出与男孩物质使用的强烈和一致的纵向联系。最后，评估种族和文化认同对歧视与心理社会功能之间负面联系的调节影响的交互效应表明，与纳瓦霍文化的融合和联系，在某些情况下与美国白人文化的联系，是对歧视经历的负面影响的缓冲。
