Department of Psychology, 135 Hicks Way, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2011 Feb;100(2):255-70. doi: 10.1037/a0021385.
Three studies tested a stereotype inoculation model, which proposed that contact with same-sex experts (advanced peers, professionals, professors) in academic environments involving science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) enhances women's self-concept in STEM, attitudes toward STEM, and motivation to pursue STEM careers. Two cross-sectional controlled experiments and 1 longitudinal naturalistic study in a calculus class revealed that exposure to female STEM experts promoted positive implicit attitudes and stronger implicit identification with STEM (Studies 1-3), greater self-efficacy in STEM (Study 3), and more effort on STEM tests (Study 1). Studies 2 and 3 suggested that the benefit of seeing same-sex experts is driven by greater subjective identification and connectedness with these individuals, which in turn predicts enhanced self-efficacy, domain identification, and commitment to pursue STEM careers. Importantly, women's own self-concept benefited from contact with female experts even though negative stereotypes about their gender and STEM remained active.
三项研究检验了刻板印象免疫模型，该模型提出，在涉及科学、技术、工程和数学（STEM）的学术环境中与同性别的专家（高级同辈、专业人士、教授）接触，可以增强女性在 STEM 领域的自我概念、对 STEM 的态度以及追求 STEM 职业的动力。两项横断面对照实验和一项微积分课中的纵向自然主义研究表明，接触女性 STEM 专家可以促进积极的内隐态度和对 STEM 的更强的内隐认同（研究 1-3），增强 STEM 领域的自我效能感（研究 3），并在 STEM 测试上付出更多努力（研究 1）。研究 2 和 3 表明，看到同性别的专家的好处是由于与这些人有更强的主观认同和联系，这反过来又预示着增强自我效能感、领域认同和追求 STEM 职业的承诺。重要的是，即使关于女性及其在 STEM 领域的负面刻板印象仍然存在，与女性专家的接触也使女性自身的自我概念受益。
