Health Services & Outcomes Research, National Healthcare Group, Singapore.
Ann Acad Med Singap. 2010 Nov;39(11):861-7.
We appraised the roles and responsibilities assigned to community pharmacists internationally and in Singapore.
A systematic search of international peer-reviewed literature was undertaken using Medline. Grey literature was identified through generic search engines. The search period was from 1 January 1991 to 30 July 2009. The search criteria were English language manuscripts and search terms "community pharmacist", "community pharmacy", "disease management" and "roles" as a major heading. Boolean operators were used to combine the search terms. Identified abstracts were independently reviewed and the findings were presented as a narrative summary.
Overall, we reviewed 115 articles on an abstract level and retrieved 45 of those as full text articles for background information review and inclusion into the evidence report. Of the articles included in the review, 32% were from United Kingdom (UK). Literature highlights the multi-faceted role of the community pharmacist in disease management. Community pharmacists were involved in the management of asthma, arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, depression, hypertension, osteoporosis and palliative care either alone or in the disease management team. Evidence of effectiveness for community pharmacy/ community pharmacist interventions exists for lipid, diabetes, and hypertension management and for preventive services such as weight management, osteoporosis prevention and fl u immunisation services. Majority of the community pharmacists in Singapore play the traditional role of dispensing. Attempts by the private community pharmacies to provide some professional services were not successful due to lack of funding. Factors found to impede the growth of community pharmacists are insufficient integration of community pharmacist input into healthcare pathways, poor relationship among pharmacists and physicians, lack of access to patient information, time constraints and inadequate compensation.
Evidence from observational studies points out the wide range of roles played by the community pharmacist and provides insights into their integration into chronic disease management programmes and health promotion.
我们评估了国际和新加坡社区药剂师的角色和职责。
通过 Medline 对国际同行评议文献进行了系统检索。通过通用搜索引擎确定了灰色文献。搜索时间为 1991 年 1 月 1 日至 2009 年 7 月 30 日。检索条件为英文手稿和以“社区药剂师”、“社区药房”、“疾病管理”和“角色”为主要标题的检索词。使用布尔运算符组合检索词。独立审查了确定的摘要，并以叙述性摘要的形式呈现研究结果。
总体而言，我们在摘要层面上审查了 115 篇文章，并检索了其中的 45 篇全文文章，以获取背景信息并纳入证据报告。在综述中包括的文章中，有 32%来自英国。文献强调了社区药剂师在疾病管理中的多方面角色。社区药剂师单独或在疾病管理团队中参与管理哮喘、关节炎、心血管疾病、糖尿病、抑郁症、高血压、骨质疏松症和姑息治疗。社区药房/社区药剂师干预在脂质、糖尿病和高血压管理以及预防服务（如体重管理、骨质疏松症预防和流感免疫服务）方面存在有效性证据。新加坡的大多数社区药剂师都扮演着传统的配药角色。由于缺乏资金，私营社区药房提供一些专业服务的尝试并不成功。妨碍社区药剂师发展的因素包括社区药剂师的投入不足整合到医疗保健途径中、药剂师和医生之间的关系不佳、无法获取患者信息、时间限制和补偿不足。
观察性研究的证据指出了社区药剂师所扮演的广泛角色，并深入了解了他们在慢性病管理计划和健康促进中的整合情况。
