Department of Experimental Psychology, Regensburg University, Regensburg, Germany.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2011 Mar;37(2):287-97. doi: 10.1037/a0021801.
In multiple-list learning, retrieval during learning has been suggested to improve recall of the single lists by enhancing list discrimination and, at test, reducing interference. Using electrophysiological, oscillatory measures of brain activity, we examined to what extent retrieval during learning facilitates list encoding. Subjects studied 5 lists of items in anticipation of a final cumulative recall test and did either a retrieval or a no-retrieval task between study of the lists. Retrieval was from episodic memory (recall of the previous list), semantic memory (generation of exemplars from an unrelated category), or short-term memory (2-back task). Behaviorally, all 3 forms of retrieval enhanced recall of both previously and subsequently studied lists. Physiologically, the results showed an increase of alpha power (8-14 Hz) from List 1 to List 5 encoding when no retrieval activities were interpolated but no such increase when any of the 3 retrieval activities occurred. Brain-behavior correlations showed that alpha-power dynamics from List 1 to List 5 encoding predicted subsequent recall performance. The results suggest that, without intermittent retrieval, encoding becomes ineffective across lists. In contrast, with intermittent retrieval, there is a reset of the encoding process for each single list that makes encoding of later lists as effective as encoding of early lists.
在多列表学习中，学习期间的检索被认为可以通过增强列表辨别力来提高单列表的召回率，并在测试时减少干扰。我们使用脑电生理、振荡活动的测量方法来研究学习期间的检索在多大程度上有助于列表编码。被试在预期最终的累积回忆测试之前学习了 5 组项目，并在列表学习之间进行了检索或无检索任务。检索来自情景记忆（回忆前一个列表）、语义记忆（从无关类别生成范例）或短期记忆（2 次回朔任务）。行为上，所有 3 种形式的检索都增强了对之前和之后学习列表的回忆。生理上，当没有插入检索活动时，从列表 1 到列表 5 编码时，α 功率（8-14 Hz）增加，但当发生 3 种检索活动中的任何一种时，没有这种增加。脑行为相关性表明，从列表 1 到列表 5 编码的α 功率动态预测了随后的回忆表现。结果表明，如果没有间歇性检索，跨列表的编码会变得无效。相比之下，通过间歇性检索，每个单独列表的编码过程都会被重置，从而使后续列表的编码与早期列表的编码一样有效。
