Department of Psychosocial Cancer Research, Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Acta Oncol. 2011 Jan;50(1):88-98. doi: 10.3109/02841861003801155.
Social-cognitive models have often been used in research on prevention in adolescent populations, even though the models were designed to describe adult behavior. The aim of the study reported here was to examine critically and constructively the five social-cognitive factors in the 'attitude, social influence, self-efficacy' (ASE) model. Methods. The examination draws on the results of a qualitative follow-up study of smoking initiation based on semi-structured interviews and observations of 12 adolescents in two Danish school classes, grades 7 and 8. The qualitative study was conducted in connection with and sampled from a large quantitative study and the results of both studies are discussed. In the analyses, we explored the ASE constructs according to how they are described in the ASE theory. Furthermore, we examined contradictions and aspects which are not explained in the model and if relevant discussed these aspects using other theoretical frameworks. Results. The results showed that aspects other than those in the ASE model are also important. Smoking initiation was often situational and unplanned and was sometimes used in negotiating social relationships and identity. Furthermore, the social-cognitive models are based on the assumption that adolescents talk about smoking norms and have a high degree of individual reflexivity, which is not always characteristic of adolescent behavior. Conclusion. Applying theoretical models in health research should be a continuous process of both applying the model and discussing the theoretical assumptions of the model when applied to a specific sample. The results of the qualitative study provide some support for use of the ASE model, but the results also suggest that further studies are needed to explore how social-cognitive models can be expanded to be more comprehensive behavioral models.
社会认知模型经常被用于青少年群体的预防研究中，尽管这些模型是为描述成年人的行为而设计的。本报告研究的目的是批判性地、建设性地检验“态度、社会影响、自我效能”（ASE）模型中的五个社会认知因素。
该研究基于对丹麦两个学校 7 年级和 8 年级的 12 名青少年的半结构化访谈和观察，对初始吸烟进行了定性随访研究。该定性研究是在一项大型定量研究的基础上进行的，并从该研究中抽取样本，这两项研究的结果将一并讨论。在分析中，我们根据 ASE 理论中对 ASE 结构的描述，探讨了 ASE 结构。此外，我们还考察了模型中没有解释的矛盾和方面，如果相关的话，我们将使用其他理论框架来讨论这些方面。
结果表明，除了 ASE 模型中描述的方面之外，其他方面也很重要。吸烟的开始通常是情境性和非计划性的，有时用于协商社会关系和身份。此外，社会认知模型基于这样一种假设，即青少年会谈论吸烟规范，并具有高度的个体反思性，而这并不总是青少年行为的特征。
在健康研究中应用理论模型应该是一个持续的过程，既要应用模型，又要在将模型应用于特定样本时讨论模型的理论假设。定性研究的结果为使用 ASE 模型提供了一些支持，但结果也表明，需要进一步研究如何扩展社会认知模型，使其成为更全面的行为模型。
