Vitória Paulo D, Salgueiro M Fátima, Silva Sílvia A, De Vries H
Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
Br J Health Psychol. 2009 Nov;14(Pt 4):681-99. doi: 10.1348/135910709X421341. Epub 2009 Mar 14.
Theory and research suggest that the intention to smoke is the main determinant of smoking initiation and emphasizes the role of cognitive and social factors on the prediction of the intention to smoke. However, extended models such as the I-Change and results from published studies reveal inconsistencies regarding the impact of social influence on the intention to smoke. Possible explanations for this may be the definition and measurement of the constructs that have been used.
The current study was designed with two main goals: (i) to test a measurement model for social influence, combining different types of social influence (subjective norms, perceived behaviour, and direct pressure) with various referents of influence (parents, siblings, peers, and teachers); (ii) to investigate the impact of social influence on adolescent intention to smoke, controlling for smoking behaviour. LISREL was used to test these models. The sample includes 3,064 Portuguese adolescents, with a mean age of 13.5 years, at the beginning of the seventh school grade.
The hypothesized measurement model of social influence was supported by results and explained 29% of the variance of the intention to smoke. A more extended model, including attitude and self-efficacy, explained 55% of the variance of the intention to smoke. Perceived behaviour of peers, parental norms, and perceived behaviour of parents were the social influence factors with impact on adolescent intention to smoke.
Results suggest that different referents exert their influence through distinct types of social influence and recommend further work on the definition and measurement of social influence.
理论与研究表明，吸烟意图是开始吸烟的主要决定因素，并强调认知和社会因素在预测吸烟意图方面的作用。然而，诸如“行为改变模型”（I-Change）等扩展模型以及已发表研究的结果显示，在社会影响对吸烟意图的影响方面存在不一致之处。对此的可能解释或许是所使用的构念的定义和测量方法。
本研究设定了两个主要目标：（i）检验一种社会影响的测量模型，将不同类型的社会影响（主观规范、感知行为和直接压力）与各种影响参照对象（父母、兄弟姐妹、同龄人及教师）相结合；（ii）在控制吸烟行为的情况下，研究社会影响对青少年吸烟意图的影响。使用LISREL软件来检验这些模型。样本包括3064名葡萄牙青少年，他们在七年级开始时的平均年龄为13.5岁。
社会影响的假设测量模型得到了结果的支持，并解释了吸烟意图方差的29%。一个更扩展的模型，包括态度和自我效能感，解释了吸烟意图方差的55%。同伴的感知行为、父母规范以及父母的感知行为是对青少年吸烟意图有影响的社会影响因素。
结果表明，不同的参照对象通过不同类型的社会影响发挥作用，并建议进一步研究社会影响的定义和测量方法。
