Department of Counseling and Human Development, Faculty of Education, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel.
Qual Health Res. 2011 Nov;21(11):1539-53. doi: 10.1177/1049732310393747. Epub 2010 Dec 28.
Second-generation Holocaust survivors might not show direct symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder or attachment disorganization, but are at risk for developing high levels of psychological distress. We present themes of difficult experiences of second-generation Holocaust survivors, arguing that some of these aversive experiences might have disorganizing qualities even though they do not qualify as traumatic. Based on in-depth interviews with 196 second-generation parents and their adolescent children, three themes of disorganizing experiences carried across generations were identified: focus on survival issues, lack of emotional resources, and coercion to please the parents and satisfy their needs. These themes reflect the frustration of three basic needs: competence, relatedness, and autonomy, and this frustration becomes disorganizing when it involves stability, potency, incomprehensibility, and helplessness. The findings shed light on the effect of trauma over the generations and, as such, equip therapists with a greater understanding of the mechanisms involved.
第二代大屠杀幸存者可能不会表现出创伤后应激障碍或依恋失调的直接症状，但他们有患上高度心理困扰的风险。我们呈现了第二代大屠杀幸存者困难经历的主题，认为这些痛苦的经历可能具有扰乱性质，即使它们不符合创伤的标准。基于对 196 名第二代父母及其青春期子女的深入访谈，我们确定了跨代存在的三个扰乱经历主题：关注生存问题、缺乏情感资源以及被迫取悦父母并满足他们的需求。这些主题反映了三种基本需求的挫折感：能力、关联性和自主性，当这种挫折感涉及到稳定性、效力、不可理解性和无助感时，就会变得具有扰乱性。这些发现揭示了代际创伤的影响，因此，使治疗师更深入地了解所涉及的机制。
