Counteracting vasopressin-mediated water reabsorption by ATP, dopamine, and phorbol esters: mechanisms of action.

Water homeostasis is regulated by a wide variety of hormones. When in need for water conservation, vasopressin, released from the brain, binds renal principal cells and initiates a signaling cascade resulting in the insertion of aquaporin-2 (AQP2) water channels in the apical membrane and water reabsorption. Conversely, hormones, including extracellular purines and dopamine, antagonize AVP-induced water permeability, but their mechanism of action is largely unknown, which was investigated here. Addition of these hormones to mpkCCD cells decreased total and plasma membrane abundance of AVP-induced AQP2, partly by increasing its internalization to vesicles and lysosomal degradation. This internalization was ubiquitin dependent, because the hormones increased AQP2 ubiquitination, and the plasma membrane localization of AQP2-K270R, which cannot be monoubiquitinated, was unaffected by these hormones. Both hormones also increased AQP2 phosphorylation at S261, which followed ubiquitination, but was not essential for hormone-induced AQP2 degradation. A similar process occurs in vivo, as incubation of dDAVP-treated kidney slices with both hormones also resulted in the internalization and S261 phosphorylation of AQP2. Both hormones also reduced cAMP and AQP2 mRNA levels, suggesting an additional effect on AQP2 gene transcription. Interestingly, phorbol esters only reduced AQP2 through the first pathway. Together, our results indicate that ATP and dopamine counteract AVP-induced water permeability by increasing AQP2 degradation in lysosomes, preceded by ubiquitin-dependent internalization, and by decreasing AQP2 gene transcription by reducing the AVP-induced cAMP levels.