Thrombosis in cancer: an update on prevention, treatment, and survival benefits of anticoagulants.

Thromboembolism is a common, complex, and costly complication in patients with cancer. Management has changed significantly in the past decade, but remains firmly dependent on the use of anticoagulants. Low-molecular-weight heparin is the preferred anticoagulant for prevention and treatment, although its limitations open opportunities for newer oral antithrombotic agents to further simplify therapy. Multiple clinical questions remain, and research is focusing on identifying high-risk patients who might benefit from primary thromboprophylaxis, treatment options for those with established or recurrent thrombosis, and the potential antineoplastic effects of anticoagulants. Risk-assessment models, targeted prophylaxis, anticoagulant dose escalation for treatment, and ongoing research studying the interaction of coagulation activation in malignancy may offer improved outcomes for oncology patients.