Grup de Recerca en Remugants (G2R), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
J Dairy Sci. 2011 Feb;94(2):771-84. doi: 10.3168/jds.2010-3520.
Data of 69 dairy sheep farms (70% Assaf and 30% Awassi crossbred), located in the Spanish Autonomous Community of Castilla y León and grouped for receiving technical advice, were used to study their structure and performance. Farm surface was 55.4ha, on average. Approximately 25% of the farms did not have cultivation land, and the other 75% had, on average, 73ha (from which 67% were devoted to forage). Farms used 2.1 annual work units (familiar, 90%), 493 ewes, and yielded 147,000 L/yr of milk. Farmers were tenant (84%), younger than 45 yr (70%), had new houses, and were grouped in cooperatives (83%). Sheep were fed indoors (occasional grazing only) in modern loose stalls and had machine milking. Planned mating (summer to fall) was done in 91% of farms (hormonal treatment, 54%) but artificial insemination was scarce (23%). Annual milk sales averaged 309 L/ewe (fat, 6.5%; protein, 5.3%; log(10) somatic cell count, 5.7), and milk was sent to local dairy industries for cheese production, and 1.35 lambs/ewe were harvested as milk-fed lambs (lechazo). Artificial lamb rearing was done in 38% of farms (automatic, 81%; manual, 19%). Total mixed rations were used in 33% of farms, and the rest used rationed concentrate (including self-produced cereals) according to physiological stage of the ewes (0.45 to 1.97 kg/d) and ad libitum forage (dehydrated, 70%; hay, 68%; fresh, 25%; silage, 12%). The concentrate-to-forage ratio ranged between 32 and 61%. In total, 68% of farms bought more than half of the forage, and 87% of them bought more than half of the required concentrates. According to structural, productive, and managerial traits, 4 types of farms were differentiated by using multiple correspondence analysis and cluster analysis. Type groups were: 1) large-surface farms, devoted to cereal and forage production, predominantly with Awassi crossbreed sheep and a high level of self-consumed commodities (12% of the farms); 2) large flocks with intermediate farm surfaces devoted to forage production and predominantly with Assaf sheep (30% of the farms); 3) high-yielding farms, with intermediate sized flocks of Assaf sheep and very intensive management (42% of the farms); and, 4) no-land farms predominantly with Assaf sheep (16% of the farms). In conclusion, the dairy sheep farms studied showed more adoption of intensive production systems than traditional farms, which resulted in higher milk and lamb yields. Despite all of them being based on familiar units, as traditional farms, they were highly dependent on external resources and became more vulnerable, faced with future uncertainties of the market.
使用了位于西班牙卡斯蒂利亚-莱昂自治区的 69 家奶绵羊养殖场（70%的阿萨夫和 30%的 Awassi 杂交）的数据，这些农场分组接受技术咨询，以研究其结构和性能。农场面积为 55.4 公顷，平均而言。大约 25%的农场没有耕地，其余 75%的农场有耕地，平均 73 公顷（其中 67%用于饲料）。农场使用 2.1 个年度工作单位（家庭工，90%），493 只母羊，年产奶 147000 升。农民是租户（84%），年龄在 45 岁以下（70%），有新房，并加入合作社（83%）。绵羊在现代自由放养的畜栏中室内饲养（偶尔放牧），并进行机械挤奶。91%的农场进行了有计划的配种（夏季至秋季）（54%进行激素处理），但人工授精很少（23%）。每只母羊的牛奶年平均销售额为 309 升（脂肪，6.5%；蛋白质，5.3%；log10 体细胞计数，5.7），牛奶被送到当地奶制品厂用于奶酪生产，每只母羊收获 1.35 只羔羊（lechazo）。38%的农场进行了人工羔羊饲养（自动，81%；手动，19%）。33%的农场使用全混合日粮，其余的农场根据绵羊的生理阶段（0.45 至 1.97 公斤/天）和自由采食饲料（脱水，70%；干草，68%；新鲜，25%；青贮，12%）使用限量精料。精料与饲料的比例在 32%至 61%之间。总的来说，68%的农场购买了一半以上的饲料，87%的农场购买了一半以上的所需精料。根据结构、生产和管理特征，使用多元对应分析和聚类分析对 4 种类型的农场进行了区分。类型组为：1）大型表面农场，主要从事谷物和饲料生产，主要是阿萨夫杂交绵羊，商品自我消费程度较高（占农场的 12%）；2）中等规模的羊群，以饲料生产为主，主要是阿萨夫绵羊（占农场的 30%）；3）高产量的农场，以中等规模的阿萨夫绵羊和非常密集的管理为特征（占农场的 42%）；4）无土地农场，主要是阿萨夫绵羊（占农场的 16%）。总之，研究中的奶绵羊养殖场比传统养殖场更多地采用了集约化生产系统，从而提高了牛奶和羔羊的产量。尽管它们都基于家庭工，但作为传统农场，它们高度依赖外部资源，变得更加脆弱，面临着未来市场的不确定性。
