Research Center on Thromhoembolic Disorders and on Antithrombotic Therapies, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Insuhria, Varese, Italy.
Thromb Res. 2011 Feb;127 Suppl 3:S86-8. doi: 10.1016/S0049-3848(11)70023-8.
Several sex-related differences in the incidence rate, clinical presentation and outcomes of VTE were recently investigated. Gender-related risk factors, such as the use of oral contraceptives (OC) and pregnancy, in particular in women with a thrombophilic state, are associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). In the middle age population, many studies report a higher incidence of VTE in men than in women, but the incidence rate of pulmonary embolism (PE) secondary to deep vein thrombosis (DVT) seems to be higher in women than in men, especially when older than 50 years. Finally, a recent meta-analysis showed that men have about a 50% higher risk than women of recurrent VTE, regardless of the site of the first DVT or the risk factors associated with the index event. The most common manifestations of VTE are represented by DVT of the lower limbs and PE, but VTE can potentially involve any section of the venous system, including cerebral veins, abdominal and pelvic veins, and the veins of the upper limbs. The scope of this article is to provide an overview of VTE in unusual sites, with particular focus on the epidemiology, on gender specific risk factors, and on clinical outcome in women.
最近研究发现，静脉血栓栓塞症（VTE）的发生率、临床表现和结局存在一些与性别相关的差异。与性别相关的风险因素，如口服避孕药（OC）和妊娠的使用，特别是在存在血栓形成倾向的女性中，与静脉血栓栓塞（VTE）的风险增加相关。在中年人群中，许多研究报告男性 VTE 的发生率高于女性，但继发于深静脉血栓形成（DVT）的肺栓塞（PE）的发生率似乎在女性中高于男性，尤其是年龄大于 50 岁时。最后，一项最近的荟萃分析表明，无论首次 DVT 的部位或与首发事件相关的危险因素如何，男性发生复发性 VTE 的风险比女性高约 50%。VTE 的最常见表现为下肢 DVT 和 PE，但 VTE 可能涉及静脉系统的任何部位，包括脑静脉、腹部和盆腔静脉以及上肢静脉。本文的范围是概述不常见部位的 VTE，特别关注流行病学、性别特异性风险因素以及女性的临床结局。
