National Center for Scientific Research-CNRS, Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011 Jan;1216:73-85. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05894.x.
The process of addiction is often studied in the neurosciences as a function of the quantity or type of substance consumed, with the ultimate goal of counteracting these effects by other pharmacological means. However, epidemiology and clinical research have extensively demonstrated that most individuals who use drugs do not develop dependence. Numerous factors may explain an individual's propensity to addiction. This review discusses these paradigms and summarizes research on individual differences that encompass cultural and sociodemographic factors, psychiatric or psychological vulnerability, and biological or genetic propensity to addiction. Although these different factors often interact in the expression of vulnerable phenotypes, it is possible to alter or control specific sources of vulnerability. For these reasons, integrating individual vulnerability to addiction across different research disciplines is likely to provide the greatest advances for intervention and prevention efforts.
成瘾过程通常在神经科学中作为所消耗物质的数量或类型的函数进行研究，其最终目的是通过其他药理学手段来对抗这些作用。然而，流行病学和临床研究已经广泛证明，大多数使用药物的个体不会产生依赖性。许多因素可能解释个体的成瘾倾向。这篇综述讨论了这些范式，并总结了涵盖文化和社会人口因素、精神或心理脆弱性以及成瘾的生物学或遗传倾向的个体差异研究。尽管这些不同的因素在易感性表型的表达中经常相互作用，但改变或控制特定的脆弱性来源是可能的。出于这些原因，将成瘾的个体易感性整合到不同的研究学科中可能会为干预和预防措施提供最大的进展。
