Grimwade Robert
Int J Psychoanal. 2011 Feb;92(1):149-69. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-8315.2010.00378.x. Epub 2011 Jan 11.
It is a matter of common knowledge that Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) shared a common worldview. Everyone familiar with the works of these two thinkers should recognize their general philosophical affinities. Both men were pessimistic about the power of human reason and attributed human behavior to powerful unconscious forces and, as a result, both were deeply skeptical about the future of human society. Drawing from previous literature, this essay compares the philosophical theory of Schopenhauer with the psychoanalytic theory of Freud. We find that, while Schopenhauer and Freud share a common philosophical orientation and diagnosed the same fundamental problems with life in civilization, they proposed some ostensibly similar, yet ultimately very different solutions. Focusing on each thinker's respective notion of sadism and masochism, this paper tries to understand and come to terms with the dimensions of this radical pessimism.
西格蒙德·弗洛伊德（1856 - 1939）和亚瑟·叔本华（1788 - 1860）持有共同的世界观，这是一个常识性问题。每个熟悉这两位思想家作品的人都应该认识到他们在哲学上的总体相似之处。两人都对人类理性的力量持悲观态度，并将人类行为归因于强大的无意识力量，因此，两人都对人类社会的未来深感怀疑。本文借鉴以往文献，将叔本华的哲学理论与弗洛伊德的精神分析理论进行比较。我们发现，虽然叔本华和弗洛伊德有着共同的哲学取向，并且对文明生活中相同的基本问题进行了诊断，但他们提出了一些表面上相似但最终却截然不同的解决方案。本文聚焦于每位思想家各自的施虐狂和受虐狂概念，试图理解并接受这种极端悲观主义的各个层面。
