Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2011 Aug;25(4):391-403. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2011.01.006. Epub 2011 Feb 18.
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy include chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia and chronic hypertension with superimposed pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia complicates about 3% of pregnancies, and all hypertensive disorders affect about five to 10% of pregnancies. Secular increases in chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia have occurred as a result of changes in maternal characteristics (such as maternal age and pre-pregnancy weight), whereas declines in eclampsia have followed widespread antenatal care and use of prophylactic treatments (such as magnesium sulphate). Determinants of pre-eclampsia rates include a bewildering array of risk and protective factors, including familial factors, sperm exposure, maternal smoking, pre-existing medical conditions (such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus and anti-phospholipid syndrome), and miscellaneous ones such as plurality, older maternal age and obesity. Hypertensive disorders are associated with higher rates of maternal, fetal and infant mortality, and severe morbidity, especially in cases of severe pre-eclampsia, eclampsia and haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets syndrome.
妊娠高血压疾病包括慢性高血压、妊娠期高血压、子痫前期和慢性高血压并发子痫前期。子痫前期约占妊娠的 3%，所有高血压疾病影响约 5%至 10%的妊娠。由于孕产妇特征（如孕产妇年龄和孕前体重）的变化，慢性高血压、妊娠期高血压和子痫前期的发生率呈上升趋势，而子痫的发生率则随着广泛的产前保健和预防性治疗（如硫酸镁）的应用而下降。子痫前期发生率的决定因素包括一系列令人困惑的风险和保护因素，包括家族因素、精子暴露、母亲吸烟、既往疾病（如高血压、糖尿病和抗磷脂综合征）以及其他因素，如多胎妊娠、母亲年龄较大和肥胖。高血压疾病与更高的孕产妇、胎儿和婴儿死亡率以及严重发病率相关，尤其是在严重子痫前期、子痫和溶血、肝酶升高和血小板减少综合征的情况下。
