Department of Sociology and Law, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
Br J Sociol. 2011 Mar;62(1):1-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-4446.2011.01357.x.
The millions of survivors who fled from attacks to Sudanese-controlled displacement camps and the refugee camps in Chad are the living ghosts of the Darfur genocide. The 1948 Genocide Convention incorporates extermination by mass killing and elimination through forced migration as two distinct elements of genocide. Genocide scholars and public discourse emphasize extermination by killing, but they give far less explanatory attention to the elimination processes that the Genocide Convention describes as 'deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction'. (Article II United Nations 1948.) In Darfur, understanding the latter processes requires theoretical attention to the history of food, water, and famine and detailed methodological attention to temporal processes of displacement. We demonstrate how intentional state-led attacks on food and water massively dislodged Black Africans in Darfur from February 2003 to August 2004. The political leadership of the Sudanese state dehumanized and forcibly displaced Black Africans from their homes in Darfur to camps where they largely remain, not only through mass killings and rapes, but also by destroying life-sustaining access to food and water, leading to the genocidal elimination of group life in this region.
从达尔富尔的袭击中逃离到苏丹控制的难民营和乍得难民营的数百万幸存者，是达尔富尔种族灭绝的活幽灵。1948 年的《灭绝种族罪公约》将大规模屠杀和通过强制迁移进行的消灭视为灭绝种族罪的两个不同要素。灭绝种族罪学者和公共话语强调通过杀戮进行灭绝，但他们对《公约》所描述的“蓄意使该团体处于造成其身体毁灭的生活条件下”的消灭过程给予的解释关注甚少。（联合国 1948 年第 2 条）在达尔富尔，要理解后者的过程，需要从理论上关注粮食、水和饥荒的历史，并从方法上详细关注流离失所的时间过程。我们展示了 2003 年 2 月至 2004 年 8 月期间，国家有意对食物和水的蓄意攻击如何大规模地将达尔富尔的非洲黑人从他们的家园驱逐出去。苏丹国家的政治领导层通过大规模屠杀和强奸，以及破坏维持生命的食物和水的获取，将达尔富尔的非洲黑人非人化并强制驱逐出家园，将他们安置在难民营中，使该地区的群体生活面临种族灭绝式的消灭。
