Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2011;62:273-97. doi: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103832.
Changes in the levels of Ca(2+), pH, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are recognized as key cellular regulators involved in diverse physiological and developmental processes in plants. Critical to understanding how they exert such widespread control is an appreciation of their spatial and temporal dynamics at levels from organ to organelle and from seconds to many hours. With appropriate controls, fluorescent sensors can provide a robust approach with which to quantify such changes in Ca(2+), pH, and ROS in real time, in vivo. The fluorescent cellular probes available for visualization split into two broad classes: (a) dyes and (b) an increasingly diverse set of genetically encoded sensors based around green fluorescent proteins (GFPs). The GFP probes in particular can be targeted to well-defined subcellular locales, offering the possibility of high-resolution mapping of these signals within the cell.
钙离子（Ca(2+)）、pH 值和活性氧物种（ROS）水平的变化被认为是参与植物多种生理和发育过程的关键细胞调节剂。要了解它们如何发挥如此广泛的控制作用，就必须认识到它们在器官到细胞器以及从秒到数小时的时间和空间上的动态变化。通过适当的控制，荧光传感器可以提供一种强大的方法，实时、在体定量测量 Ca(2+)、pH 值和 ROS 的变化。用于可视化的荧光细胞探针可分为两大类：(a) 染料和 (b) 基于绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）的越来越多样化的一组遗传编码传感器。特别是 GFP 探针可以靶向明确的亚细胞位置，为细胞内这些信号的高分辨率作图提供了可能。
