Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Ioannina, Agrinio, Greece.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2011 Aug;18(7):1222-33. doi: 10.1007/s11356-010-0436-6. Epub 2011 Mar 4.
Polar chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) were examined for their sampling efficiency of 12 pesticides and one metabolite commonly detected in surface waters. Laboratory-based calibration experiments of POCISs were conducted. The determined passive sampling rates were applied for the monitoring of pesticides levels in Lake Amvrakia, Western Greece. Spot sampling was also performed for comparison purposes.
Calibration experiments were performed on the basis of static renewal exposure of POCIS under stirred conditions for different time periods of up to 28 days. The analytical procedures were based on the coupling of POCIS and solid phase extraction by Oasis HLB cartridges with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
The recovery of the target pesticides from the POCIS was generally >79% with relative standard deviation (RSD) <16%. The calibration results revealed an integrative uptake of all pesticides for 28 days and the calculated sampling rates ranged from 0.025 to 0.388 L day(-1) with RSD <29%. Low nanogram/liter levels of pesticides such as diazinon, alachlor, and s-metolachlor were detected during the monitoring campaign using both passive and spot sampling whereas higher concentrations were measured by spot sampling in most cases.
Passive sampling by POCIS provides a useful tool for the monitoring of pesticides in aquatic systems since integrative sampling at rates sufficient for analytical quantitation of ambient levels was observed. Calibration data are in demand for a greater number of compounds in order to extend the use in environmental monitoring.
研究极性化学整合采样器（POCIS）对地表水中常见的 12 种农药和 1 种代谢物的采样效率。进行了基于实验室的 POCIS 校准实验。应用确定的被动采样速率监测了希腊西部 Amvrakia 湖的农药水平。同时进行了现场采样以作比较。
在搅拌条件下对 POCIS 进行静态更新暴露，进行不同时间（长达 28 天）的校准实验。分析程序基于 POCIS 和固相萃取通过 Oasis HLB 小柱的耦合，并用气相色谱-质谱法进行分析。
从 POCIS 中回收目标农药的回收率通常>79%，相对标准偏差（RSD）<16%。校准结果表明，所有农药在 28 天内的综合吸收，计算的采样速率范围为 0.025 至 0.388 L day-1，RSD<29%。在监测期间，使用被动和现场采样均可检测到低纳克/升水平的农药，如敌百虫、甲草胺和 S-异丙甲草胺，而在大多数情况下，现场采样的浓度更高。
POCIS 的被动采样为监测水生系统中的农药提供了一种有用的工具，因为观察到以足够的速率进行积分采样，足以对环境水平进行分析定量。为了扩大环境监测的应用，需要更多的化合物来校准数据。
