Margalho Cláudia, Franco João, Corte-Real Francisco, Vieira Duarte Nuno
National Institute of Legal Medicine, I.P.-Centre Branch, Largo da Sé Nova, 3000-213 Coimbra, Portugal.
J Forensic Leg Med. 2011 Apr;18(3):132-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2010.12.006. Epub 2011 Jan 26.
Postmortem tissues (e.g. liver, kidney) have been long used in forensic applications especially in those cases where blood is unavailable. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of the information provided to the forensic toxicologist at the time of carrying out the toxicological analysis, especially in cases where the samples commonly used in forensic toxicology are unavailable. This work describes the toxicological findings in a violent death resulting from a man who was hit by a train. Vitreous humor, liver and kidney were sent for toxicological analysis, once it was not possible to obtain blood and urine. The validated procedures used in the routine casework of Forensic Toxicology Laboratory of the Centre Branch of the National Institute of Legal Medicine, were applied in the analysis of liver, kidney and vitreous humor, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector for the analysis of drugs of abuse and ethanol, respectively. Morphine, codeine, cocaine, benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester were found in the liver and in the kidney and no ethanol was found in the vitreous humor. The method validation included the study of specificity, selectivity, limits of detection, recovery and carryover. Although blood and urine are the most common and preferred matrices used for toxicological studies involving drugs of abuse, sometimes the choice of specimen is determined by the case under investigation. The forensic pathologist must be aware that relevant information must be provided so that the toxicological analysis can be conducted in accordance with case history, particularly when the only samples available for analysis are these "unconventional" specimens, since the interpretation of the obtained results is more difficult.
尸检组织（如肝脏、肾脏）长期以来一直用于法医应用，特别是在无法获取血液的情况下。本文的目的是证明在进行毒理学分析时提供给法医毒理学家的信息的重要性，特别是在法医毒理学中常用的样本无法获得的情况下。这项工作描述了一名被火车撞击导致暴力死亡的毒理学发现。由于无法获取血液和尿液，玻璃体液、肝脏和肾脏被送去进行毒理学分析。国家法医学研究所中心分所法医毒理学实验室常规案件工作中使用的经过验证的程序，应用于肝脏、肾脏和玻璃体液的分析，分别使用固相萃取后的气相色谱 - 质谱法和气相色谱 - 火焰离子化检测器分析滥用药物和乙醇。在肝脏和肾脏中发现了吗啡、可待因、可卡因、苯甲酰爱康宁和爱康宁甲酯，玻璃体液中未发现乙醇。方法验证包括特异性、选择性、检测限、回收率和残留的研究。尽管血液和尿液是涉及滥用药物的毒理学研究中最常用和首选的基质，但有时样本的选择取决于所调查的案件。法医病理学家必须意识到必须提供相关信息，以便能够根据病史进行毒理学分析，特别是当唯一可用于分析的样本是这些“非常规”标本时，因为对所得结果的解释更加困难。
