Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal-Delegação do Sul, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa, 3, 1150-219 Lisboa, Portugal.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011 Jun;400(6):1665-90. doi: 10.1007/s00216-011-4888-4. Epub 2011 Mar 26.
The use and abuse of illegal drugs affects all modern societies, and therefore the assessment of drug exposure is an important task that needs to be accomplished. For this reason, the reliable determination of these drugs and their metabolites in biological specimens is an issue of utmost relevance for both clinical and forensic toxicology laboratories in their fields of expertise, including in utero drug exposure, driving under the influence of drugs and drug use in workplace scenarios. Most of the confirmatory analyses for abused drugs in biological samples are performed by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric methods, but use of the more recent and sensitive liquid chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry technology is increasing dramatically. This article reviews recently published articles that describe procedures for the detection of opiates in the most commonly used human biological matrices, blood and urine, and also in unconventional ones, e.g. oral fluid, hair, and meconium. Special attention will be paid to sample preparation and chromatographic analysis.
非法药物的使用和滥用影响着所有现代社会，因此，药物暴露的评估是一项重要任务，需要完成。出于这个原因，在其专业领域，包括胎儿期药物暴露、药物影响下驾驶和工作场所药物使用，可靠地确定这些药物及其代谢物在生物样本中的存在是临床和法医毒理学实验室最相关的问题之一。在生物样本中对滥用药物进行的大多数确证分析都是通过气相色谱-质谱联用方法进行的，但最近越来越多地使用更灵敏的液相色谱-（串联）质谱技术。本文综述了最近发表的描述检测最常用的人体生物基质（血液和尿液）以及非传统基质（如唾液、头发和胎粪）中阿片类药物的程序的文章。特别关注样品制备和色谱分析。
